Search for other papers by Xi Wang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Qi Yu in
Google Scholar
PubMed
/1,000,000 ( 1 , 2 ). MAS is defined historically as the triad of peripheral precocious puberty (PP), café-au-lait skin pigmentation and fibrous dysplasia (FD) of the bone ( 3 ). Other associated hyperfunctioning endocrinopathies include hyperthyroidism, growth
Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Search for other papers by Kathryn L Gatford in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Beverly S Muhlhausler in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Lili Huang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Pamela Su-Lin Sim in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Search for other papers by Claire T Roberts in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Johannes D Velhuis in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Chen Chen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Introduction Successful pregnancy requires major physiological adaptations in the mother to support pregnancy, and the attachment, implantation, growth and function of the placental interface between mother and foetus ( 1 ). Growth hormone (GH
The International Research Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for other papers by Stine A Holmboe in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ravi Jasuja in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Brian Lawney in
Google Scholar
PubMed
The International Research Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for other papers by Lærke Priskorn in
Google Scholar
PubMed
The International Research Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for other papers by Niels Joergensen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for other papers by Allan Linneberg in
Google Scholar
PubMed
The International Research Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Search for other papers by Tina Kold Jensen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
The International Research Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for other papers by Niels Erik Skakkebæk in
Google Scholar
PubMed
The International Research Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for other papers by Anders Juul in
Google Scholar
PubMed
The International Research Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for other papers by Anna-Maria Andersson in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Objective
Calculating the free testosterone level has gained increasing interest and different indirect algorithms have been suggested. The objective was to compare free androgen index (FAI), free testosterone estimated using the linear binding model (Vermeulen: cFTV) and the binding framework accounting for allosterically coupled SHBG monomers (Zakharov: cFTZ) in relation to cardiometabolic conditions.
Design
A prospective cohort study including 5350 men, aged 30–70 years, participating in population-based surveys (MONICA I–III and Inter99) from 1982 to 2001 and followed until December 2012 with baseline and follow-up information on cardiometabolic parameters and vital status.
Results
Using age-standardized hormone levels, FAI was higher among men with baseline cardiometabolic conditions, whereas cFTV and cFTZ levels were lower compared to men without these conditions as also seen for total testosterone. Men in highest quartiles of cFTV or cFTZ had lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes (cFTV: HR = 0.74 (0.49–1.10), cFTZ: HR = 0.59 (0.39–0.91)) than men in lowest quartile. In contrast, men with highest levels of FAI had a 74% (1.17–2.59) increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to men in lowest quartile.
Conclusion
The association of estimated free testosterone and the studied outcomes differ depending on algorithm used. cFTV and cFTZ showed similar associations to baseline and long-term cardiometabolic parameters. In contrast, an empiric ratio, FAI, showed opposite associations to several of the examined parameters and may reflect limited clinical utility.
Search for other papers by M L Gild in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by M Bullock in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by C K Pon in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Search for other papers by B G Robinson in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Search for other papers by R J Clifton-Bligh in
Google Scholar
PubMed
inhibitory growth effect in thyroid cancer cell lines, but no apoptosis was observed (12) . The drug BTIMNP_D004 acts through HSP90 destabilization and showed anti-cancer activity in thyroid cancer cell lines in vitro (13) . Furthermore, treatment with 17
Search for other papers by Elvira C Arellanes-Licea in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by José Ávila-Mendoza in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Elizabeth C Ramírez-Martínez in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Eugenia Ramos in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Nancy Uribe-González in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Carlos Arámburo in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Teresa Morales in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Maricela Luna in
Google Scholar
PubMed
( 7 ) in sensitive zones with high glutamate receptor concentration such as the hippocampus ( 8 , 9 ). Lactation is characterized by fluctuation of several hormones including growth hormone (GH) ( 10 ). GH is secreted mainly by the anterior
Search for other papers by Xu-Ting Song in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jia-Nan Zhang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Duo-Wei Zhao in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Yu-Fei Zhai in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Qi Lu in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Mei-Yu Qi in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ming-Hai Lu in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Shou-Long Deng in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Hong-Bing Han in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Xiu-Qin Yang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Yu-Chang Yao in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Introduction Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), also known as somatomedin C, has remarkable diversity in terms of biological effects. It is widely recognized that IGF1 is essential for the regulation of normal growth ( 1 ), development ( 2
Search for other papers by Alice Costantini in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Search for other papers by Mari H Muurinen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Search for other papers by Outi Mäkitie in
Google Scholar
PubMed
hearing. The scope of this review is to describe the latest genetic discoveries underlying some severe skeletal diseases characterized by short stature. Skeletal diseases with reduced linear growth Longitudinal linear bone growth is determined by
Search for other papers by Jelena Stankovic in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Search for other papers by Kurt Kristensen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Niels Birkebæk in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (SDCA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Search for other papers by Esben Søndergaard in
Google Scholar
PubMed
, which is commonly used for diagnosing growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) in children ( 6 , 7 ), has proven valuable as a stimulant of the posterior pituitary too ( 1 ). Arginine-stimulated copeptin measurements is suggested as a safe and expedient
Search for other papers by Julie M Silverstein in
Google Scholar
PubMed
associated with acromegaly are a consequence of the chronic overproduction of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) (1, 8) . Systemic complications commonly associated with the chronic hypersecretion of GH and IGF1 include visceromegaly
Search for other papers by Rossella Cannarella in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Teresa Mattina in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Rosita A Condorelli in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Laura M Mongioì in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Giuseppe Pandini in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Sandro La Vignera in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Aldo E Calogero in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Introduction Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor ( IGF1R ) gene, made up of 315,991 base pairs, maps on the 15q26.3 chromosome. It encodes for a protein with a tyrosine kinase domain, which binds the IGF1 and is responsible for its
