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and of energy disposal ( 38 ). To further support this association, studies conducted in patients with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) have shown that lack of testosterone production is responsible for metabolic effects
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progression in mice fed a low-fat diet (LFD, ∼10% of energy derived from fat) with mice fed a hypercaloric, high-fat diet (HFD, ∼40–60% of energy derived from fat) for a period of 6–30 weeks. This high-fat feeding regime induces obesity and many of its
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Division of Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piancavallo (VB), Italy
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Division of Auxology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piancavallo (VB), Italy
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Division of Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piancavallo (VB), Italy
Division of Auxology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piancavallo (VB), Italy
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different metabolic pathways involved in the genetic-derived obesity vs essential obesity. Indeed, differences in the metabolic profiles have already been observed ( 8 , 51 ). These differences in adipogenesis, lipid metabolism and storage, energy
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combining with the bone matrix and subsequently blocking the action of osteoclasts by inducing the secretion of a variety of cytokines. In addition, ALN can regulate the metabolism of calcium in vivo , prevent the loss of bone mass, and augment bone mineral
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all organ systems involved in metabolism to various degrees, and therefore, the disease results in an impaired energy metabolism of the entire organism (43) . Metabolic syndrome in humans is characterized by abdominal obesity, hypertension
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Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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divergence of two homologous MC3Rs in the allotetraploid frog Xenopuslaevis in vitro . The metamorphosis, evolutionary-induced polyploidization, and the huge size of the African clawed frog may be closely related to the regulation of energy metabolism
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as obesity, sepsis, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ). These diseases are also associated with changes in the lipid metabolism, accelerated lipolysis and
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Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Endo-ERN European Reference Network on Rare endocrine conditions
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Endo-ERN European Reference Network on Rare endocrine conditions
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Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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detrimental effects on the quality of life. Patients with HD may experience disturbed hunger-satiety and thirst feelings, decreased energy expenditure, behavioral problems, disturbed circadian rhythm, temperature dysregulation and pituitary dysfunction
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status in individuals with and without type 2 diabetes (e.g., altered erythrocyte physiology), individual variance in both glycemic parameters can reflect different aspects of energy metabolism that are modulated by different gene polymorphisms. However
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absorbed rapidly after oral intake, reaching peak plasma levels within the first hour after ingestion ( 2 ). The mean plasma half-life is 2–4 h ( 3 , 4 ); metabolism occurs predominantly in the liver ( 5 ) but also via the actions of renal 11β