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Alessandra Gambineri Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, St Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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Carla Pelusi Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, St Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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and of energy disposal ( 38 ). To further support this association, studies conducted in patients with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) have shown that lack of testosterone production is responsible for metabolic effects

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Renea A Taylor Department of Physiology, Cancer Program and Obesity and Metabolic Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Victoria 3800, Australia

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Jennifer Lo Department of Physiology, Cancer Program and Obesity and Metabolic Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Victoria 3800, Australia

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Natasha Ascui Department of Physiology, Cancer Program and Obesity and Metabolic Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Victoria 3800, Australia

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Matthew J Watt Department of Physiology, Cancer Program and Obesity and Metabolic Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Victoria 3800, Australia

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progression in mice fed a low-fat diet (LFD, ∼10% of energy derived from fat) with mice fed a hypercaloric, high-fat diet (HFD, ∼40–60% of energy derived from fat) for a period of 6–30 weeks. This high-fat feeding regime induces obesity and many of its

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Devis Pascut Fondazione Italiana Fegato – ONLUS, Trieste, Italy

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Sofia Tamini Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Milan and Piancavallo (VB), Italy

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Silvia Bresolin Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Pablo Giraudi Fondazione Italiana Fegato – ONLUS, Trieste, Italy

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Giuseppe Basso Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Alessandro Minocci Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Milan and Piancavallo (VB), Italy
Division of Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piancavallo (VB), Italy

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Claudio Tiribelli Fondazione Italiana Fegato – ONLUS, Trieste, Italy

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Graziano Grugni Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Milan and Piancavallo (VB), Italy
Division of Auxology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piancavallo (VB), Italy

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Alessandro Sartorio Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Milan and Piancavallo (VB), Italy
Division of Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piancavallo (VB), Italy
Division of Auxology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piancavallo (VB), Italy

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different metabolic pathways involved in the genetic-derived obesity vs essential obesity. Indeed, differences in the metabolic profiles have already been observed ( 8 , 51 ). These differences in adipogenesis, lipid metabolism and storage, energy

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Lu Liu
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Chunyan Li
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Peng Yang
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Jian Zhu Department of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Middle Road, Shanghai 200072, China

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Dongmei Gan Department of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Middle Road, Shanghai 200072, China

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Le Bu
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Manna Zhang
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Chunjun Sheng
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Hong Li
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Shen Qu
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combining with the bone matrix and subsequently blocking the action of osteoclasts by inducing the secretion of a variety of cytokines. In addition, ALN can regulate the metabolism of calcium in vivo , prevent the loss of bone mass, and augment bone mineral

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Antonia Ertelt Equine Clinic, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Ann-Kristin Barton Equine Clinic, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Robert R Schmitz Equine Clinic, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Heidrun Gehlen Equine Clinic, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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all organ systems involved in metabolism to various degrees, and therefore, the disease results in an impaired energy metabolism of the entire organism (43) . Metabolic syndrome in humans is characterized by abdominal obesity, hypertension

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Ying Xu Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Lei Li Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Jihong Zheng Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Meng Wang Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Bopei Jiang Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Yue Zhai Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Liumei Lu Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Cong Zhang Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Zhe Kuang Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Xiaomei Yang Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Li-Na Jin Department of Hematology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China

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Gufa Lin Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Chao Zhang Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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divergence of two homologous MC3Rs in the allotetraploid frog Xenopuslaevis in vitro . The metamorphosis, evolutionary-induced polyploidization, and the huge size of the African clawed frog may be closely related to the regulation of energy metabolism

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Nikolaj Rittig Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology (MEA) and Medical Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Mads Svart Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology (MEA) and Medical Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Niels Jessen Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Niels Møller Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology (MEA) and Medical Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Holger J Møller Department of Clinical Biochemistry Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Henning Grønbæk Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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as obesity, sepsis, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ). These diseases are also associated with changes in the lipid metabolism, accelerated lipolysis and

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I M A A van Roessel Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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J P de Graaf Dutch Pituitary Foundation, Nijkerk, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Endo-ERN European Reference Network on Rare endocrine conditions

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N R Biermasz Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Endo-ERN European Reference Network on Rare endocrine conditions

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E Charmandari Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece

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H M van Santen Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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detrimental effects on the quality of life. Patients with HD may experience disturbed hunger-satiety and thirst feelings, decreased energy expenditure, behavioral problems, disturbed circadian rhythm, temperature dysregulation and pituitary dysfunction

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Dmitry M Davydov Laboratory of Neuroimmunopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia

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Malik K Nurbekov Laboratory of Sociogenomics, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia

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status in individuals with and without type 2 diabetes (e.g., altered erythrocyte physiology), individual variance in both glycemic parameters can reflect different aspects of energy metabolism that are modulated by different gene polymorphisms. However

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Marcus Quinkler Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany

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Bertil Ekman Departments of Endocrinology and Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

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Claudio Marelli Shire International GmbH, Zug, Switzerland

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Sharif Uddin Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA

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Pierre Zelissen Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands

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Robert D Murray Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, UK

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on behalf of the EU-AIR Investigators
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absorbed rapidly after oral intake, reaching peak plasma levels within the first hour after ingestion ( 2 ). The mean plasma half-life is 2–4 h ( 3 , 4 ); metabolism occurs predominantly in the liver ( 5 ) but also via the actions of renal 11β

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