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Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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(e.g. fractures, severe soft tissue injuries, hospitalization, and even death) with different severity ( 2 , 3 , 4 ). The risk of fall increases with aging and those middle-aged and the older are at the highest risk of fall ( 5 ). It was estimated
Division of General and Emergency Medicine, University Department of Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau AG, Aarau, Switzerland
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University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, St. Clara Hospital and University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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Division of General and Emergency Medicine, University Department of Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau AG, Aarau, Switzerland
Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Division of General and Emergency Medicine, University Department of Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau AG, Aarau, Switzerland
Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Division of General and Emergency Medicine, University Department of Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau AG, Aarau, Switzerland
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): Age <50 years, serum calcium >0.25 mmol/L above the upper limit of normal, decreased bone mineral density in dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (T-score <−2.5 at lumbar spine, total hip, femoral neck, or distal 1/3 radius), vertebral fractures on imaging
The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
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CKD and bone disorders ( 35 , 36 , 37 ). Evidence suggests the value of using 25(OH)D:24,25(OH) 2 D in assessment and management of both fracture risk and CKD risk ( 38 , 39 ). Serum 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 is not routinely measured clinically ( 40 , 41
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experienced BMD improvement after receiving hormone treatment. The hypoestrogenic state of these patients negatively affects the peak BMD, which leads to osteoporosis and a risk of fracture ( 16 ). An early start and adequate duration of hormonal therapy may
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Diagnostic Clinic, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
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Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
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://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/88.2.500S ) 15 Ginsberg C Katz R de Boer IH Kestenbaum BR Chonchol M Shlipak MG Sarnak MJ Hoofnagle AN Rifkin DE Garimella PS The 24,25 to 25-hydroxyvitamin D ratio and fracture risk in older adults: the
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University of Glasgow, Office for Rare Conditions, Glasgow, UK
University of Glasgow, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
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Sex F F F M M F Age 48 55 33 54 35 39 Risk factors Overweight Hypertension Osteoporosis with fractures Obesity Hypertension Previous VTE Obesity Hypertension Repeated pituitary surgery Obesity Hypertension
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Noordwest Ziekenhuis, Alkmaar, The Netherlands
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Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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generated if sufficient 25(OH)D is available. Measurement is recommended in individuals at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency and included obese individuals, pregnant and lactating women, older adults with a history of falls or fractures, individuals
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hormone required for the maintenance of the homeostasis of calcium and phosphate, can lead to skeletal, renal, and cardiovascular complications, including hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, osteoporosis, fragility fractures, bone pain, nephrolithiasis
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this finding. In a systematic review of 27 studies, increased age, TBI severity and skull fractures predicted anterior pituitary disorders in post-TBI patients ( 29 ). However, the authors only found a limited number of studies with a low risk of bias
Department of Endocrinology, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Department of Endocrinology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Department of Paediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Endocrine Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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course, revisit this strategy in the event of intercurrent spinal fracture for which parenteral antiresorptives may also be beneficial for pain control and bone remodelling, but have not yet faced this scenario in this group of patients. Despite