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of carbohydrate-based feeds, glucose-containing solutions, and drugs such as epinephrine, can all contribute to hyperglycemia ( 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ). In general, it is known that hyperglycemia can contribute to morbidity by creating a toxic cellular
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disorders of fat, protein, and carbohydrate storage in the body ( 2 ). The development of obesity usually accompanies IR ( 3 ). Moreover, IR is a key pathological driver of the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease ( 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8
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used extensively in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Prior research has reported that metformin achieved glycemic control by lowering hepatic glucose output, increasing the glucose uptake in muscle, and decreasing the intestinal carbohydrates
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diabetes . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2018 103 2447 – 2456 . ( https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-02442 ). 16 Potenza M Via MA Yanagisawa RT . Excess thyroid hormone and carbohydrate metabolism . Endocrine Practice 2009
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. ( https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod62.6.1866 ) 66 Thompson JG Partridge RJ Houghton FD Cox CI Leese HJ . Oxygen uptake and carbohydrate metabolism by in vitro derived bovine embryos . Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 1996 106 299
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before and 1–2 h after breakfast, at which one-third of total daily calorie intake (carbohydrates 60%) was consumed. Additionally, daily plasma glucose profiles were examined before and after empagliflozin administration. Statistical analysis Data
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proteins, the diet is rich in carbohydrates and fat, which could predispose PKU patients to obesity ( 31 ). Obesity could also be a result of poor adherence to the diet, decreased activity levels or an underlying condition ( 27 ). However, not all recent
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and caloric restriction were generally focused on three major energy sources, carbohydrate, fat and protein, while the role of noncaloric nutrients, namely salt (sodium chloride), is less appreciated. Besides the well-recognized effect on the
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. Notably, citrate cycle pathway, the key link of carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism ( 14 ), enriched both in obese and non-obese patients with PCOS. Based on the above evidence, the altered gut microbiota had a tightly relationship with the
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