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Sandrine Visentin Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, AP-HM, Timone Enfants Hospital, Marseille, France
Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France

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Gérard Michel Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, AP-HM, Timone Enfants Hospital, Marseille, France
Research Unit EA 3279 and Department of Public Health, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France

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Claire Oudin Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, AP-HM, Timone Enfants Hospital, Marseille, France
Research Unit EA 3279 and Department of Public Health, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France

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Béatrice Cousin STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, INSERM U1031, UPS, Toulouse, France

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Bénédicte Gaborit Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France

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Inès Abdesselam Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France

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Marie Maraninchi Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France

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Marion Nowicki Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France

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René Valéro Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France
Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology Department, AP-HM, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France

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Maxime Guye AP-HM, Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France

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Monique Bernard AP-HM, Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France

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Pascal Auquier Research Unit EA 3279 and Department of Public Health, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France

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Hervé Chambost Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, AP-HM, Timone Enfants Hospital, Marseille, France

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Marie-Christine Alessi Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France

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Sophie Béliard Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France
Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology Department, AP-HM, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France

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(Quantikine Human Adiponectin, R&D Systems) and leptin (Active Human Leptin DSL Systems). The insulin resistance homeostasis model (HOMA-IR) was calculated as: fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) × fasting plasma insulin (mIU/L)/22.5. Body composition and AT

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Stefano Mangiola Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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Ryan Stuchbery Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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Patrick McCoy Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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Ken Chow Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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Natalie Kurganovs Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Epworth, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada

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Michael Kerger Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Epworth, Richmond, Victoria, Australia

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Anthony Papenfuss Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Christopher M Hovens Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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Niall M Corcoran Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Urology, Frankston Hospital, Frankston, Victoria, Australia

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.1080/10408398.2011.651177 ) 24915409 10.1080/10408398.2011.651177 7 van Londen GJ Levy ME Perera S Nelson JB Greenspan SL . Body composition changes during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: a 2-year prospective study . Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 2008

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Kennett Sprogøe Ascendis Pharma A/S, Hellerup, Denmark

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Eva Mortensen Ascendis Pharma, Inc., Palo Alto, California, USA

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David B Karpf Ascendis Pharma, Inc., Palo Alto, California, USA

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Jonathan A Leff Ascendis Pharma, Inc., Palo Alto, California, USA

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tolerability. These include increased bone growth and mineral deposition, muscle mass gain with improved exercise tolerance and enhanced lipolysis with body composition optimization, and yet, without increased immunogenicity, metabolic complications, injection

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Thomas Reinehr Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany

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Alexandra Kulle Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Schleswig – Holstein, UKSH, Campus Kiel/Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, CAU, Kiel, Germany

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Juliane Rothermel Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany

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Caroline Knop-Schmenn Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany

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Nina Lass Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany

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Christina Bosse Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany

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Paul-Martin Holterhus Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Schleswig – Holstein, UKSH, Campus Kiel/Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, CAU, Kiel, Germany

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of our knowledge, this is the first study analy­zing the longitudinal relationships between a comprehen­sive steroid profile encompassing androgens and their precursors, estrogens, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids as well as body composition

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Devis Pascut Fondazione Italiana Fegato – ONLUS, Trieste, Italy

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Sofia Tamini Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Milan and Piancavallo (VB), Italy

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Silvia Bresolin Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Pablo Giraudi Fondazione Italiana Fegato – ONLUS, Trieste, Italy

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Giuseppe Basso Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Alessandro Minocci Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Milan and Piancavallo (VB), Italy
Division of Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piancavallo (VB), Italy

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Claudio Tiribelli Fondazione Italiana Fegato – ONLUS, Trieste, Italy

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Graziano Grugni Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Milan and Piancavallo (VB), Italy
Division of Auxology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piancavallo (VB), Italy

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Alessandro Sartorio Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Milan and Piancavallo (VB), Italy
Division of Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piancavallo (VB), Italy
Division of Auxology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piancavallo (VB), Italy

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subjects with common obesity ( 8 ). Accordingly to this peculiar body composition, individuals with PWS are characterised by lower insulin levels and higher insulin sensitivity as opposed to obese controls ( 9 ). Regardless of their metabolic advantages

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Tatsuya Kondo Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Chuo-Ward, Kumamoto, Japan

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Nobukazu Miyakawa Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ward, Kumamoto, Japan

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Sayaka Kitano Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Chuo-Ward, Kumamoto, Japan

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Takuro Watanabe Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ward, Kumamoto, Japan

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Rieko Goto Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ward, Kumamoto, Japan

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Mary Ann Suico Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ward, Kumamoto, Japan

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Miki Sato Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ward, Kumamoto, Japan

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Yuki Takaki Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ward, Kumamoto, Japan

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Masaji Sakaguchi Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ward, Kumamoto, Japan

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Motoyuki Igata Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Chuo-Ward, Kumamoto, Japan

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Junji Kawashima Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ward, Kumamoto, Japan

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Hiroyuki Motoshima Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ward, Kumamoto, Japan

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Takeshi Matsumura Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ward, Kumamoto, Japan

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Hirofumi Kai Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ward, Kumamoto, Japan

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Eiichi Araki Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ward, Kumamoto, Japan

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could be expected in metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes compared with those in healthy subjects. Changes in body compositions and biochemical markers on HS + MES treatment were summarized in Table 2 . Table 2 Changes in body composition and

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Melony C Fortuin-de Smidt Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Council, Tygerberg, South Africa

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Amy E Mendham Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Council, Tygerberg, South Africa

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Jon Hauksson Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Umea University, Umea, Sweden

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Ali Alhamud Department of Human Biology, MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
The Modern Pioneer Center and ArSMRM for MRI Training and Development, Tripoli, Libya

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Darko Stefanovski Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Centre, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA

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Olah Hakim Department of Diabetes, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK

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Jeroen Swart Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

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Louise M Goff Department of Diabetes, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK

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Steven E Kahn Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Tommy Olsson Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden

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Julia H Goedecke Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Council, Tygerberg, South Africa

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), hypertension (BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg), diabetes (HbA1c > 6.5%), anaemia (haemoglobin <12 g/dL)), pregnant, lactating or smoking. After written informed consent was obtained, patients were screened for inclusion. Body composition Anthropometry included weight

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Sakina Kherra CHU Parnet Hopital, Algiers, Algeria

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Wendy Forsyth Paterson Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Yorkhill, Glasgow, UK

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Filiz Mine Cizmecioglu Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Department, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey

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Jeremy Huw Jones Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children Glasgow, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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Mariam Kourime Abderrahim Harouchi Hôpital, Casablanca, Morocco

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Heba Hassan Elsedfy Pediatrics Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

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Sameh Tawfik Department of Pediatrics, Maadi Hospital, Cairo, Egypt

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Andreas Kyriakou Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children Glasgow, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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Mohamad Guftar Shaikh Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children Glasgow, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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Malcolm David Cairns Donaldson Section of Child Health, Glasgow University School of Medicine, Glasgow, UK

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sex steroid replacement therapy on metabolic health and body composition in PWS ( 33 ). Kido et al . in an adult study of 22 PWS males given 125 mg of intramuscular testosterone monthly for 2 years showed improvement in body fat, lean muscle mass and

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Pernille Bækgaard Udesen The Fertility Clinic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark

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Dorte Glintborg Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Anja Elaine Sørensen Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark

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Rikke Svendsen Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark

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Nanna Louise Skov Nielsen Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
Department of Clinical Immunology, Næstved Hospital, Næstved, Denmark

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Marie Louise Muff Wissing Aleris Hamlet Hospital Group, The Fertility Clinic, Søborg, Denmark

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Marianne Skovsager Andersen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Anne Lis Mikkelsen Englund The Fertility Clinic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark

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Louise Torp Dalgaard Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark

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increased SHBG levels and decreased free testosterone. Combined treatment with metformin and OCP improved body composition and FG-score compared with OCP, and SHBG-levels increased by OCP or metformin + OCP treatment compared with metformin alone ( 30 ). The

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Alan D Rogol Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA

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and early postnatal periods in boys . Acta Endocrinologica 1984 105 271 – 274 . ( https://doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1050271 ) 27 Davis SM Kaar JL Ringham BM Hockett CW Glueck DH & Dabelea D . Sex differences in infant body composition emerge in the

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