Marta Araujo-Castro
Marta Araujo-Castro
Neuroendocrinology Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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Héctor Pian
Héctor Pian
Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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Ignacio Ruz-Caracuel
Ignacio Ruz-Caracuel
Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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Alberto Acitores Cancela
Alberto Acitores Cancela
Neuroendocrinology Unit, Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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Eider Pascual-Corrales
Eider Pascual-Corrales
Neuroendocrinology Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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Víctor Rodríguez Berrocal
Víctor Rodríguez Berrocal
Neuroendocrinology Unit, Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
Endoscopic Skull Base Unit, Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid, Spain
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Endoscopic Skull Base Unit, Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid, Spain
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IGF1 levels ( 9 ) and induce tumor shrinkage ( 10 ), improving surgical outcomes in acromegaly ( 11 , 12 , 13 ). However, the impact of SRLs in the GH-secreting pituitary tumor consistency has yet to be elucidated, and controversial results have been
Xiaohui Qi
Xiaohui Qi
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Ping He
Ping He
Shanghai Hospital Link Center, Shanghai Hospital Development Center, Shanghai, China
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Huayan Yao
Huayan Yao
Computer Net Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Huanhuan Sun
Huanhuan Sun
Wonders Information Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
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Jiying Qi
Jiying Qi
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Min Cao
Min Cao
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Bin Cui
Bin Cui
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Guang Ning
Guang Ning
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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shown that insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) are involved in the development and progression of malignancies ( 9 , 10 ). Insulin has been reported to be associated with an increased risk of several cancer sites, such as the liver, pancreas
Yanfei Chen
Yanfei Chen
Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Mei Li
Mei Li
Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Binrong Liao
Binrong Liao
Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Jingzi Zhong
Jingzi Zhong
Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Dan Lan
Dan Lan
Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin) have shown potential roles in the diagnosis of CPP ( 10 , 11 , 12 ). Recently, Kutlu et al. ( 13 ) reported the role of another novel adipomyokine, irisin, in the diagnosis of CPP, and their study implied
Danielle Christine Maria van der Kaay
Danielle Christine Maria van der Kaay
Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Anne Rochtus
Anne Rochtus
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Gerhard Binder
Gerhard Binder
University Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Ingo Kurth
Ingo Kurth
Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Dirk Prawitt
Dirk Prawitt
Center for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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Irène Netchine
Irène Netchine
Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, INSERM, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
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Gudmundur Johannsson
Gudmundur Johannsson
Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Department of Endocrinology at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Anita C S Hokken-Koelega
Anita C S Hokken-Koelega
Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Miriam Elbracht
Miriam Elbracht
Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Thomas Eggermann
Thomas Eggermann
Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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radiologic and clinical examinations suggest an endocrine cause of the growth disturbance, growth hormone stimulation tests (GHSTs), serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF1), and sometimes an IGF1 generation test are used to investigate the growth hormone (GH)–IGF
Prishila Fookeerah
Prishila Fookeerah
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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Winny Varikatt
Winny Varikatt
Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Meena Shingde
Meena Shingde
Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Mark A J Dexter
Mark A J Dexter
Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Department of Neurosurgery, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Department of Neurosurgery, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Mark McLean
Mark McLean
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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secretion. All eight tumours causing acromegaly expressed growth hormone (GH) and produced elevated insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels (mean 3.1× upper limit of normal). Of these, six tumours expressed prolactin, but none caused high serum prolactin
Lára Ósk Eggertsdóttir Claessen
Lára Ósk Eggertsdóttir Claessen
Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Department of Emergency Medicine, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Department of Emergency Medicine, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Hafrún Kristjánsdóttir
Hafrún Kristjánsdóttir
Physical Activity, Physical Education, Sport, and Health (PAPESH) Research Centre, Sports Science Department, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
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María Kristín Jónsdóttir
María Kristín Jónsdóttir
Mental Health Services, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Sigrún Helga Lund
Sigrún Helga Lund
deCODE Genetics, Inc/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Ingunn Unnsteinsdóttir Kristensen
Ingunn Unnsteinsdóttir Kristensen
Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Helga Ágústa Sigurjónsdóttir
Helga Ágústa Sigurjónsdóttir
Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Department of Medicine, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Department of Medicine, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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expensive, a biochemical marker for GHD screening would be beneficial. Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (s-IGF1) has been proposed as a screening tool for GHD as low s-IGF1 may indicate GHD. However, its use remains debatable as s-IGF1 within normal range
Nathalia Liberatoscioli Menezes Andrade
Nathalia Liberatoscioli Menezes Andrade
Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica (LIM 25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
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Mariana Ferreira de Assis Funari
Mariana Ferreira de Assis Funari
Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
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Alexsandra Christianne Malaquias
Alexsandra Christianne Malaquias
Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brasil
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Paulo Ferrez Collett-Solberg
Paulo Ferrez Collett-Solberg
Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Ciências Medicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Nathalia L R A Gomes
Nathalia L R A Gomes
Serviço de Endocrinologia, Unidade de Crescimento, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Renata Scalco
Renata Scalco
Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
Departamento de Medicina, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brasil
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Departamento de Medicina, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brasil
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Naiara Castelo Branco Dantas
Naiara Castelo Branco Dantas
Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica (LIM 25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
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Raissa C Rezende
Raissa C Rezende
Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica (LIM 25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
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Angelica M F P Tiburcio
Angelica M F P Tiburcio
Serviço de Endocrinologia, Unidade de Crescimento, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Micheline A R Souza
Micheline A R Souza
Serviço de Endocrinologia do Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagao Gesteira/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Bruna L Freire
Bruna L Freire
Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica (LIM 25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
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Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
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Ana C V Krepischi
Ana C V Krepischi
Centro de Pesquisa em Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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Carlos Alberto Longui
Carlos Alberto Longui
Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brasil
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Antonio Marcondes Lerario
Antonio Marcondes Lerario
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Ivo J P Arnhold
Ivo J P Arnhold
Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
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Alexander A L Jorge
Alexander A L Jorge
Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica (LIM 25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
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Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
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Gabriela Andrade Vasques
Gabriela Andrade Vasques
Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica (LIM 25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
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Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brasil
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short stature in patients initially classified as ISS ( 7 ). The genetic defects associated with ISS are mainly located in genes that regulate the endochondral ossification process in the growth plate and in genes related to the GH–IGF-1 axis ( 8 , 9
Charlotte Höybye
Charlotte Höybye
Department of Endocrinology and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Beverly M K Biller
Beverly M K Biller
Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Jean-Marc Ferran
Jean-Marc Ferran
Qualiance ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Murray B Gordon
Murray B Gordon
Allegheny Neuroendocrinology Center, Division of Endocrinology, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Nicky Kelepouris
Nicky Kelepouris
US Medical Affairs-Rare Endocrine Disorders, Novo Nordisk, Inc, Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA
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Navid Nedjatian
Navid Nedjatian
Global Medical Affairs – Rare Endocrine Disorders, Novo Nordisk Health Care AG, Zurich, Switzerland
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Anne H Olsen
Anne H Olsen
Epidemiology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Soborg, Denmark
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Matthias M Weber
Matthias M Weber
Unit of Endocrinology, 1, Medical Department, University Hospital, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
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, n (%) 317 (44.7) Mean age, years ( s.d. ) ( n = 683) 47.0 (14.0) Mean IGF-I SDS ( s.d. ) ( n = 554) −1.16 (1.43) Mean BMI, kg/m 2 ( s.d. ) ( n = 608) 28.8 (6.2) Number of pituitary deficiencies, n
Yu Ah Hong
Yu Ah Hong
Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kyung-Do Han
Kyung-Do Han
Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Jae-Seung Yun
Jae-Seung Yun
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Eun Sil Sil
Eun Sil Sil
Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Seung-Hyun Ko
Seung-Hyun Ko
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Sungjin Chung
Sungjin Chung
Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH/IGF-1) system. IGF-1 levels were reported to be positively associated with height ( 30 , 31 ). The kidney is a significant source of IGF-1 synthesis, some of which is released into circulation. In addition
Alberto Battezzati
Alberto Battezzati
International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status, DeFENS, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Andrea Foppiani
Andrea Foppiani
International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status, DeFENS, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Gianfranco Alicandro
Gianfranco Alicandro
Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Arianna Bisogno
Arianna Bisogno
Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Arianna Biffi
Arianna Biffi
Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Giorgio Bedogni
Giorgio Bedogni
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Internal Medicine, S. Maria delle Croci Hospital, AUSL Romagna, Ravenna, Italy
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Internal Medicine, S. Maria delle Croci Hospital, AUSL Romagna, Ravenna, Italy
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Simona Bertoli
Simona Bertoli
International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status, DeFENS, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Obesity Unit - Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Milan, Italy
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Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Obesity Unit - Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Milan, Italy
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Giulia De Carlo
Giulia De Carlo
International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status, DeFENS, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Erica Nazzari
Erica Nazzari
Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Carla Colombo
Carla Colombo
Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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studies in type 1 diabetes and in healthy subjects. According to mechanistic studies, insulin is one of the main regulators of growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis ( 21 ), frequently involved in growth failure associated with
