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Kaiyu Pan Department of Paediatrics, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Chengyue Zhang Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Xiaocong Yao Department of Osteoporosis, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Zhongxin Zhu Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Aim

Ensuring adequate calcium (Ca) intake during childhood and adolescence is critical to acquire good peak bone mass to prevent osteoporosis during older age. As one of the primary strategies to build and maintain healthy bones, we aimed to determine whether dietary Ca intake has an influence on bone mineral density (BMD) in children and adolescents.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study composed of 10,092 individuals from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Dietary Ca intake and total BMD were taken as independent and dependent variables, respectively. To evaluate the association between them, we conducted weighted multivariate linear regression models and smooth curve fittings.

Results

There was a significantly positive association between dietary Ca intake and total BMD. The strongest association was observed in 12–15 year old whites, 8–11 year old and 16–19 year old Mexican Americans, and 16–19 year old individuals from other race/ethnicity, in whom each quintile of Ca intake was increased. We also found that there were significant inflection points in females, blacks, and 12–15 year old adolescents group, which means that their total BMD would decrease when the dietary Ca intake was more than 2.6–2.8 g/d.

Conclusions

This cross-sectional study indicated that a considerable proportion of children and adolescents aged 8–19 years would attain greater total BMD if they increased their dietary Ca intake. However, higher dietary Ca intake (more than 2.6–2.8 g/d) is associated with lower total BMD in females, blacks, and 12–15 year old adolescents group.

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Mirjana Doknic Neuroendocrine Department, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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Marko Stojanovic Neuroendocrine Department, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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Ivan Soldatovic Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Belgrade, Serbia

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Tatjana Milenkovic Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia ‘Dr Vukan Cupic’, Belgrade, Serbia

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Vera Zdravkovic Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
University Children’s Clinic, Belgrade, Serbia

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Maja Jesic Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
University Children’s Clinic, Belgrade, Serbia

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Sladjana Todorovic Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia ‘Dr Vukan Cupic’, Belgrade, Serbia

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Katarina Mitrovic Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia ‘Dr Vukan Cupic’, Belgrade, Serbia

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Rade Vukovic Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia ‘Dr Vukan Cupic’, Belgrade, Serbia

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Dragana Miljic Neuroendocrine Department, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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Dragan Savic Clinic for Neurosurgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia

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Mihajlo Milicevic Clinic for Neurosurgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia

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Aleksandar Stanimirovic Clinic for Neurosurgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia

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Vojislav Bogosavljevic Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Clinic for Neurosurgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia

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Sandra Pekic Neuroendocrine Department, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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Emilija Manojlovic-Gacic Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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Aleksandar Djukic Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia

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Danica Grujicic Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Clinic for Neurosurgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia

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Milan Petakov Neuroendocrine Department, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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Objective

To analyze metabolic parameters, body composition (BC), and bone mineral density (BMD) in childhood-onset GH deficiency (COGHD) patients during the transition period (TP).

Design

Single- center, retrospective study was performed on 170 consecutive COGHD patients (age 19.2 ± 2.0 years, range 16–25) transferred after growth completion from two pediatric clinics to the adult endocrine unit. Two separate analyses were performed: (i) cross-sectional analysis of hormonal status, metabolic parameters, BC, and BMD at first evaluation after transfer from pediatrics to the adult department; (ii) longitudinal analysis of BC and BMD dynamics after 3 years of GH replacement therapy (rhGH) in TP.

Results

COGHD was of a congenital cause (CONG) in 50.6% subjects, tumor-related (TUMC) in 23.5%, and idiopathic (IDOP) in 25.9%. TUMC patients had increased insulin and lipids levels (P < 0.01) and lower Z score at L-spine (P < 0.05) compared to CONG and IDOP groups. Patients treated with rhGH in childhood demonstrated lower fat mass and increased BMD compared to the rhGH-untreated group (P < 0.01). Three years of rhGH after growth completion resulted in a significant increase in lean body mass (12.1%) and BMD at L-spine (6.9%), parallel with a decrease in FM (5.2%).

Conclusion

The effect of rhGH in childhood is invaluable for metabolic status, BC, and BMD in transition to adulthood. Tumor-related COGHD subjects are at higher risk for metabolic abnormalities, alteration of body composition, and decreased BMD, compared to those with COGHD of other causes. Continuation of rhGH in transition is important for improving BC and BMD in patients with persistent COGHD.

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