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Henrik H Thomsen Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Holger J Møller Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Christian Trolle Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Kristian A Groth Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Anne Skakkebæk Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Anders Bojesen Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Christian Høst Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Claus H Gravholt Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Soluble CD163 (sCD163) is a novel marker linked to states of low-grade inflammation such as diabetes, obesity, liver disease, and atherosclerosis, all prevalent in subjects with Turner syndrome (TS) and Klinefelter syndrome (KS). We aimed to assess the levels of sCD163 and the regulation of sCD163 in regards to treatment with sex hormone therapy in males with and without KS and females with and without TS. Males with KS (n=70) and age-matched controls (n=71) participating in a cross-sectional study and 12 healthy males from an experimental hypogonadism study. Females with TS (n=8) and healthy age-matched controls (n=8) participating in a randomized crossover trial. The intervention comprised of treatment with sex steroids. Males with KS had higher levels of sCD163 compared with controls (1.75 (0.47–6.90) and 1.36 (0.77–3.11) respectively, P<0.001) and the levels correlated to plasma testosterone (r=−0.31, P<0.01), BMI (r=0.42, P<0.001), and homeostasis model of assessment insulin resistance (r=0.46, P<0.001). Treatment with testosterone did not significantly lower sCD163. Females with TS not receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT) had higher levels of sCD163 than those of their age-matched healthy controls (1.38±0.44 vs 0.91±0.40, P=0.04). HRT and oral contraceptive therapy decreased sCD163 in TS by 22% (1.07±0.30) and in controls by 39% (0.55±0.36), with significance in both groups (P=0.01 and P=0.04). We conclude that levels of sCD163 correlate with endogenous testosterone in KS and are higher in KS subjects compared with controls, but treatment did not significantly lower levels. Both endogenous and exogenous estradiol in TS was associated with lower levels of sCD163.

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Yee-Ming M Cheung Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Northwell, Great Neck, New York, USA

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Rudolf Hoermann Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

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Karen Van Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

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Damian Wu Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

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Jenny Healy Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

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Bella Halim Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

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Manjri Raval Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

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Maria McGill Department of Radiology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

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Ali Al-Fiadh Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Melbourne Australia

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Michael Chao Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research and Wellness Centre, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

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Shane White Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research and Wellness Centre, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

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Belinda Yeo Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research and Wellness Centre, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

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Jeffrey D Zajac Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

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Mathis Grossmann Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

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Purpose

We previously demonstrated that 12 months of aromatase inhibitor (AI) treatment was not associated with a difference in body composition or other markers of cardiometabolic health when compared to controls. Here we report on the pre-planned extension of the study. The pre-specified primary hypothesis was that AI therapy for 24 months would lead to increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) area when compared to controls.

Methods

We completed a 12-month extension to our prospective 12-month cohort study of 52 women commencing AI treatment (median age 64.5 years) and 52 women with breast pathology not requiring endocrine therapy (63.5 years). Our primary outcome of interest was VAT area. Secondary and exploratory outcomes included other measures of body composition, hepatic steatosis, measures of atherosclerosis and vascular reactivity. Using mixed models and the addition of a fourth time point, we increased the number of study observations by 79 and were able to rigorously determine the treatment effect.

Results

Among study completers (AI = 39, controls = 40), VAT area was comparable between groups over 24 months, the mean-adjusted difference was −1.54 cm2 (95% CI: −14.9; 11.9, P = 0.79). Both groups demonstrated parallel and continuous increases in VAT area over the observation period that did not diverge or change between groups. No statistically significant difference in our secondary and exploratory outcomes was observed between groups.

Conclusions

While these findings provide reassurance that short-to-medium-term exposure to AI therapy is not associated with metabolically adverse changes when compared to controls, risk evolution should be less focussed on the AI-associated effect and more on the general development of cardiovascular risk over time.

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Marenao Tanaka Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
Tanaka Medical Clinic, Yoichi, Japan

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Tomohito Gohda Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

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Nozomu Kamei Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
Institute for Clinical Research, NHO Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Hiroshima, Japan

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Maki Murakoshi Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

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Tatsuya Sato Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
Department of Cellular Physiology and Signal Transduction, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan

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Mitsunobu Kubota Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, NHO Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Hiroshima, Japan

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Michiyoshi Sanuki Institute for Clinical Research, NHO Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Hiroshima, Japan

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Erika Ishiwata Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan

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Keisuke Endo Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan

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Yusuke Suzuki Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

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Masato Furuhashi Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan

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Background

Fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) is an adipokine that plays significant roles in the development of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. High levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) including TNFR1 and TNFR2 are associated with renal dysfunction and increased mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). However, the association between circulating levels of FABP4 and TNFRs remains unclear.

Methods

We investigated the associations of FABP4 with TNFRs and metabolic markers in Japanese patients with type 1 DM (T1DM, n = 76, men/women: 31/45) and type 2 DM (T2DM, n = 575, men/women: 312/263).

Results

FABP4 concentration was positively correlated with levels of TNFR1 and TNFR2 in both patients with T1DM and those with T2DM. Multivariable regression analyses showed that there were independent associations of FABP4 concentration with body mass index (BMI) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) after adjustment for age and sex in both patients with T1DM and those with T2DM. FABP4 concentration was independently associated with circulating levels of TNFR1 and TNFR2 after adjustment for the confounders in patients with T2DM but not in those with T1DM. Similarly, levels of TNFR1 and TNFR2 were independently associated with FABP4 concentration after adjustment for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, duration of DM and levels of eGFR, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and C-reactive protein in patients with T2DM but not in those with T1DM.

Conclusion

FABP4 concentration is independently associated with levels of TNFRs in patients with DM, but the association is more evident in patients with T2DM than in those with T1DM.

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Kunal Thakkar Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Swati Ramteke-Jadhav Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Rajeev Kasaliwal Department of Endocrinology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Hospital, Jaipur, India

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Saba Samad Memon Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Virendra Patil Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Puja Thadani Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Nilesh Lomte Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Shilpa Sankhe Department of Radiology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Atul Goel Department of Neurosurgery, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Sridhar Epari Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India

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Naina Goel Department of Neuropathology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Anurag Lila Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Nalini S Shah Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Tushar Bandgar Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Background

Most common incidentally detected sellar-suprasellar region (SSR) masses are pituitary adenomas, followed by craniopharyngioma, rathke’s cleft cyst, hypophysitis, and meningioma. Besides these, certain unusual SSR lesions can sometimes present as diagnostic challenges, where diagnosis is often made post-operatively on histopathology, the pre-operative suspicion of which might have influenced the management strategies. Series describing such masses are few.

Objective

To present clinical, biochemical, and radiological characteristics and management outcomes of rare SSR lesions other than pituitary adenomas, craniopharyngioma, rathke’s cleft cyst, hypophysitis, and meningioma.

Design, setting, patients

Retrospective case record analysis of patients with uncommon SSR masses (from January 2006 to December 2016).

Results

Our series consisted of ten patients, five with neoplastic and five with non-neoplastic lesions. Neoplastic masses included granular cell tumor (n = 2), astrocytoma (n = 1), malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST, n = 1), and metastasis from occult papillary carcinoma of thyroid (n = 1), while non-neoplastic masses were aspergillus abscess (n = 1), sterile abscess (n = 1), and tubercular abscess (n = 1), aneurysm of left internal carotid artery (n = 1), and ruptured dermoid cyst (n = 1). All patients (except one) presented with headache and/or visual disturbance. Only one patient had acromegaly while most others had hypopituitarism. We describe detailed MRI characteristics of each of the lesion. Seven patients underwent trans-sphenoidal surgery. Post-operatively, five patients had permanent diabetes insipidus, while two patients died in early post-operative period.

Conclusion

Our series expand the differential diagnostic considerations of SSR lesions. Most of the rare SSR masses present with symptoms of mass effects and hypopituitarism. Except for some non-neoplastic lesions like sellar abscesses, aneurysms, and dermoid cysts which can have some specific imaging characteristics that can provide clue to pre-operative diagnosis, most of the other neoplastic masses have overlapping radiological features, and pre-operative suspicion remains difficult.

Open access
Amir H Zamanipoor Najafabadi Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Endocrine Tumors, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Neurosurgery, University Neurosurgical Centre Holland (UNCH), Leiden University Medical Centre, Haaglanden Medical Centre and Haga Teaching Hospitals, Leiden and The Hague, The Netherlands

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Merel van der Meulen Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Endocrine Tumors, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Ana Luisa Priego Zurita Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Endocrine Tumors, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

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S Faisal Ahmed Chair of Work Package of E-Health & ICT of Endo-ERN, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow and Office for Rare Conditions, Royal Hospital for Children & Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK

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Wouter R van Furth Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Evangelia Charmandari Pediatric Chair Main Thematic Group 6 Pituitary of Endo-ERN, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Olaf Hiort Pediatric Chair and Deputy Coordinator of Endo-ERN, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Alberto M Pereira Adult Chair and Coordinator of Endo-ERN, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Mehul Dattani London Centre for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes at Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital and University College London Hospitals, London, UK

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Diana Vitali SOD ITALIA (Italian Organization for Septo Optic Dysplasia and other Neuroendocrine Disorders), European Patient Advocacy Group, Rome, Italy

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Johan P de Graaf Dutch Pituitary Foundation, European Patient Advocacy Group, Nijkerk, The Netherlands

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Nienke R Biermasz Adult Chair Main Thematic Group 6 Pituitary of Endo-ERN, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Endocrine Tumors, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Objective

The European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions (Endo-ERN) aims to organize high-quality healthcare throughout Europe, including care for pituitary adenoma patients. As surgery is the mainstay of treatment, we aimed to describe the current surgical practice and published surgical outcomes of pituitary adenoma within Endo-ERN.

Design and Methods

Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting surgical outcomes of pituitary adenoma patients within Endo-ERN MTG6 pituitary reference centers between 2010 and 2019. A survey was completed by reference centers on their current surgical practice.

Results

A total of 18 out of 43 (42%) reference centers located in 7 of the 20 (35%) MTG6-represented countries published 48 articles. Remission rates were 50% (95% CI: 42–59) for patients with acromegaly, 68% (95% CI: 60–75) for Cushing’s disease, and 53% (95% CI: 39–66%) for prolactinoma. Gross total resection was achieved in 49% (95% CI: 37–61%) of patients and visual improvement in 78% (95% CI: 68–87). Mortality, hemorrhage, and carotid injury occurred in less than 1% of patients. New-onset hypopituitarism occurred in 16% (95% CI: 11–23), transient diabetes insipidus in 12% (95% CI: 6–21), permanent diabetes insipidus in 4% (95% CI: 3–6), syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) in 9% (95% CI: 5–14), severe epistaxis in 2% (95% CI: 0–4), and cerebrospinal fluid leak in 4% (95% CI: 2–6). Thirty-five (81%) centers completed the survey: 54% were operated endoscopically and 57% were together with an ENT surgeon.

Conclusion

The results of this study could be used as a first benchmark for the outcomes of pituitary adenoma surgery within Endo-ERN. However, the heterogeneity between studies in the reporting of outcomes hampers comparability and warrants outcome collection through registries.

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