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Open access

Regis Coutant, Maithe Tauber, Béatrice Demaret, Robin Henocque, Yves Brault, François Montestruc, Olivier Chassany, and Michel Polak

Objective: To describe in a real-life setting the treatment burden and adherence, and quality of life of children treated with daily injections of growth hormone, and their relationship with treatment duration.

Design: This non-interventional, multicenter, cross-sectional French study involved children aged 3 to 17 years treated with daily growth hormone injections.

Methods: Based on a recent validated dyad questionnaire, the mean overall Life Interference total score (100=most interference) was described, with treatment adherence and quality of life (QOL) using the Quality of Life of Short Stature Youth questionnaire (100=best). All analyses were performed according to treatment duration prior to inclusion.

Results: Among the 275/277 analyzed children, 166 (60.4%) had only growth hormone deficiency (GHD). In the GHD group, mean age was 11.7±3.2 years; median treatment duration was 3.3 years (IQR 1.8-6.4). The mean overall Life Interference total score was 27.7±20.7 (95% CI [24.2;31.2]), with non-significant correlation with treatment duration (p=0.1925). Treatment adherence was good (95.0% of children reported receiving >80% of planned injections over the last month); it slightly decreased with treatment duration (p=0.0364). Children overall QOL was good: 81.5±16.6 and 77.6±18.7 according to children and parents, respectively, but sub scores of the coping and treatment impact domains were <50. Similar results were observed in all patients independently of the condition requiring treatment.

Conclusions: This real-life French cohort confirms the treatment burden of daily growth hormone injections, as previously reported in an interventional study.

Open access

Anne Bachelot, Magaly Vialon, Amandine Baptiste, Isabelle Tejedor, Caroline Elie, Michel Polak, Philippe Touraine, and the CRMERC study group

Background

Health-related quality of life (QoL) in adult patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) has been variously reported. However, there is no study evaluating the impact of transition on quality of life.

Methods

Adult patients with classic or non-classic CAH diagnosed during childhood CAH, born between 1970 and 1990, were recruited from the registers of Pediatric departments belonging to the French reference center for endocrine rare disease. Primary end point was the QoL (WHOQOL-BREF).

Results

Seventy-three patients were included in the study, among them 59/73 were transferred to adult endocrinologist by their pediatricians for transition. WHOQOL-BREF scores were similar between patients with or without transition to specialist adult services, except for environment dimension score, which was slightly higher in CAH patients without transition. However, CAH patients with a regular follow-up had a better physical health, psychological health and environment score and item global QoL than the group without regular follow-up after transition.

Conclusion

Regular medical follow-up in adulthood is associated with the transition between pediatric and adult care and is associated with better QoL in adults with CAH.

Open access

Alicia Romano, Juan Pablo Kaski, Jovanna Dahlgren, Nicky Kelepouris, Alberto Pietropoli, Tilman R Rohrer, and Michel Polak

Objective

The study aims to assess the cardiovascular safety of growth hormone (GH) treatment in patients with Noonan syndrome (NS) in clinical practice.

Design

The study design involves two observational, multicentre studies (NordiNet® IOS and the ANSWER Program) evaluating the long-term effectiveness and safety of GH in >38,000 paediatric patients, of which 421 had NS.

Methods

Serious adverse events, serious adverse reactions (SARs) and non-serious adverse reactions (NSARs) were reported by the treating physicians. Cardiovascular comorbidities at baseline and throughout the studies were also recorded.

Results

The safety analysis set comprised 412 children with NS (29.1% females), with a mean (s.d.) baseline age of 9.29 (3.88) years, treated with an average GH dose of 0.047 (0.014) mg/kg/day during childhood. Cardiovascular comorbidities at baseline were reported in 48 (11.7%), most commonly pulmonary valve stenosis (PVS) and atrial septal defects. Overall, 22 (5.3%) patients experienced 34 safety events. The most common were the NSARs: headache (eight events in seven patients) and arthralgia (five events in three patients). Two SARs occurred in one patient (brain neoplasm and metastases to spine). No cardiovascular safety events were recorded in patients with NS. Five cardiovascular comorbidities in five patients were reported after initiation of GH treatment: three cases of unspecified cardiovascular disease, one ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm and one PVS.

Conclusions

GH treatment had a favourable safety profile in patients with NS, including those with cardiovascular comorbidities. Prospective studies are warranted to systematically assess the safety of GH treatment in patients with NS and cardiovascular disease.

Open access

Muriel Houang, Thao Nguyen-Khoa, Thibaut Eguether, Bettina Ribault, Séverine Brabant, Michel Polak, Irène Netchine, and Antonin Lamazière

Neonatal screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) faces many specific challenges. It must be done using a performant analytical approach that combines sensitivity and specificity to capture the potential causes of mortality during the first week of life, such as salt wasting and glucocorticoid deficiency. Here, we confirm that maternal inhaled corticosteroid intake during pregnancy is a possible cause of missed CAH diagnosis. Thanks to liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, we were able to quantify endogenous steroid metabolites and also detect the presence of exogenous steroids in the dried blood spot of a newborn. Adding LC-MS/MS analysis as second-tier test, especially one that includes both 17-hydroxyprogesterone and 21-deoxycortisol measurements, would probably improve CAH diagnosis. In familial neonatal screening one could also look for maternal corticosteroid therapies that are hidden to prevent false-negative tests.

Open access

Isabelle Flechtner, Magali Viaud, Dulanjalee Kariyawasam, Marie Perrissin-Fabert, Maud Bidet, Anne Bachelot, Philippe Touraine, Philippe Labrune, Pascale de Lonlay, and Michel Polak

Classic galactosemia is a rare inborn error of galactose metabolism with a birth prevalence of about 1/30,000–60,000. Long-term complications occurring despite dietary treatment consist of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and neurodevelopmental impairments. We performed with the French Reference Centers for Rare Diseases a multisite collaborative questionnaire survey for classic galactosemic patients. Its primary objective was to assess their puberty, pregnancy, gonadotropic axis, and pelvic morphology by ultrasound. The secondary objective was to determine predictive factors for pregnancy without oocyte donation. Completed questionnaires from 103 patients, 56 females (median age, 19 years (3–52 years)) and 47 males (median age, 19 years (3–45 years)), were analyzed. Among the 43 females older than 13 years old, mean age for breast development first stage was 13.8 years; spontaneous menarche occurred in 21/31 females at a mean age of 14.6 years. In these 21 women, 62% had spaniomenorrhea and 7/17 older than 30 years had amenorrhea. All age-groups confounded, FSH was above reference range for 65.7% of the patients, anti-Müllerian hormone and inhibin B were undetectable, and the ovaries were small with few or no follicles detected. Among the 5 females who sought to conceive, 4 had pregnancies. Among the 47 males, 1 had cryptorchidism, all have normal testicular function and none had a desire to conceive children. Thus, spontaneous puberty and POI are both common in this population. Spontaneous menarche seems to be the best predictive factor for successful spontaneous pregnancy.

Open access

Enora Le Roux, Florence Menesguen, Isabelle Tejedor, Marc Popelier, Marine Halbron, Pauline Faucher, Sabine Malivoir, Graziella Pinto, Juliane Léger, Stephane Hatem, Michel Polak, Christine Poitou, and Philippe Touraine

Objective

The transition from paediatric to adult medicine involves risks of poor patient outcomes and of significant losses of patients to follow up. The research aimed to analyse the implementation in an initial cohort of patients of a new programme of transition to adult care based on a case management approach.

Design

A longitudinal study of the case management approach to transition, initiated in a university hospital in France in September 2016.

Methods

Patients with the endocrine or metabolic disease diagnosed during childhood and transferred to adult care were included. The transition programme includes three steps based on case management: liaising with paediatric services, personalising care pathways, and liaising with structures outside the hospital (general practitioners, agencies in the educational and social sector).

Results

The cohort included 500 patients, with malignant brain tumour (n = 56 (11%)), obesity (n = 55 (11%)), type 1 diabetes (n = 54 (11%)), or other disease (n = 335 (67%)). Their median age at transfer was 19, and the sex ratio was 0.5. At median 21 months of follow-up, 439 (88%) had a regular follow-up in or outside the hospital, 47 (9%) had irregular follow-up (absence at the last appointment or no appointment scheduled within the time recommended), 4 had stopped care on doctor’s advice, 4 had died, 3 had moved, and 3 had refused care. The programme involved 9615 case management actions; 7% of patients required more than 50 actions. Patients requiring most support were usually those affected by a rare genetic form of obesity.

Conclusions

Case managers successfully addressed the complex needs of patients. Over time, the cohort will provide unprecedented long-term outcome results for patients with various conditions who experienced this form of transition.

Open access

Estelle Bonnet, Mathias Winter, Delphine Mallet, Ingrid Plotton, Claire Bouvattier, Maryse Cartigny, Laetiti Martinerie, Michel Polak, Anne Bachelot, Frédéric Huet, Sabine Baron, Muriel Houang, Sylvie Soskin, Anne Lienhardt, Jérôme Bertherat, Cyril Amouroux, Aurore Bouty, Lise Duranteau, Rémi Besson, Alaa El Ghoneimi, Dinane Samara-Boustani, François Becmeur, Nicolas Kalfa, Françoise Paris, François Medjkane, Aude Brac de la Perrière, Patricia Bretones, Hervé Lejeune, Marc Nicolino, Pierre Mouriquand, Daniela-Brindusa Gorduza, and Claire-Lise Gay

Objectives

To examine the changes in diagnostic practices and clinical management of patients with 5α-reductase type 2 (SRD5A2) or 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (HSD17B3) deficiency since molecular diagnoses became available.

Methods

Clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic data were retrieved from the medical records of 52 patients with a molecular diagnosis of SRD5A2 (n = 31) or HSD17B3 (n = 21) deficiency. Temporal trends regarding age at assessment and initial sex assignment over 1994–2020 were qualitatively analyzed. Age at molecular diagnosis was compared between two subgroups of patients according to their year of birth.

Results

Fifty-eight percent (n = 30) patients were diagnosed during the perinatal period, 33% (n = 17) during infancy, and 9% (n = 5) during adolescence or adulthood. Over the studied period, the patients’ age at initial assessment and diagnosis frankly decreased. The median (range) age at diagnostic confirmation was 10.5 (0–53.2) years for patients born before 2007 and 0.4 (0–9.3) years for those born in 2007 or later (P = 0.029). Genetic testing identified 27 different variants for the SRD5A2 gene (30% novel, n = 8) and 18 for the HSD17B3 gene (44% novel, n = 8). Before 2002, most patients were initially assigned as females (95%, n = 19), but this proportion dropped for those born later (44%, n = 14; P < 0.001). The influence of initial genital appearance on these decisions seemingly decreased in the most recent years. Therapeutic interventions differed according to the sex of rearing. Ten percent (n = 2) patients requested female-to-male reassignment during adulthood.

Conclusion

This study showed, over the past two decades, a clear trend toward earlier diagnosis and assignment of affected newborns as males.