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AmCare Genomics Lab, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is one of the most prevalent, and potentially severe, genetic inborn errors of steroid synthesis directly affecting metabolism. Most patients are diagnosed and treated at an early age. There have been very limited reports of adults with CAH-associated adrenal myelolipomas. We aimed to analyze two families with CAH-associated giant adrenal myelolipomas caused by defects in CYP21A2 and CYP17A1 genes. A total of 14 individuals from two unrelated families were identified with either CYP21A2 or CYP17A1 mutations. Of note, five patients were found with adrenal myelolipomas. Total DNA isolated from the peripheral blood of the two probands was screened for potential mutations in the following susceptibility genes of CAH: CYP21A2, CYP11B1, CYP17A1, HSD17B3, HSD3B2, ARMC5, and STAR using target capture-based deep sequencing; and Sanger sequencing was conducted for the family members to detect the potential mutations. The following results were obtained. In family 1, molecular genetics sequencing revealed a compound heterozygous mutation (c.293-13C>G/c.518T>A, p.I173N) in CYP12A2 in the patient and his brother. In family 2, all three female patients with adrenal myelolipomas were found to have a compound heterozygous mutation (c.1118A>T, p.H373L/c.1459_1467del9, p.D487_F489del) in CYP17A1. To avoid giant CAH-associated adrenal myelolipomas in adults, it is important to identify CAH early so that appropriate treatment can be initiated to interrupt the chronic adrenal hyperstimulation resulting from increased ACTH. Genetic testing and counseling could be useful in CAH.
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Context
Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease manifests as a variety of benign and malignant neoplasms. Previous studies of VHL disease have documented several genotype–phenotype correlations; however, many such correlations are still unknown. Increased identification of new mutations and patients with previously described mutations will allow us to better understand how VHL mutations influence disease phenotypes.
Patients and design
A total of 45 individuals from five unrelated families were evaluated, of which 21 patients were either diagnosed with VHL disease or showed strong evidence related to this disease. We compared the patients’ gene sequencing results with their medical records including CT or MRI scans, eye examinations and laboratory/pathological examinations. Patients were also interviewed to obtain information regarding their family history.
Results
We identified four missense mutations: c.239G>T (p.Ser80Ile), linked with VHL Type 2B, was associated with renal cell carcinoma, pheochromocytoma and hemangioma in the cerebellum; c.232A>T (p.Asn78Tyr) manifested as RCC alone and likely caused VHL Type 1; c.500G>A (p.Arg167Gln) mutation was more likely to cause VHL Type 2 than Type 1 as it preferentially induced Pheo and HB in the retina, cerebellum and spinal cord; c.293A>G (p.Try98Cys) was associated with Pheo and thus likely induced VHL Type 2.
Conclusions
Characterizing VHL disease genotype–phenotype correlations can enhance the ability to predict the risk of individual patients developing different VHL-related phenotypes. Ultimately, such insight will improve the diagnostics, surveillance and treatment of VHL patients.
Precis
Four missense mutations in VHL have been identified in 21 individuals when five unrelated Chinese families with VHL disease were analyzed; VHL mutations are highly associated with unique disease phenotypes.
