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Luca Persani
Luca Persani
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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Martine Cools
Martine Cools
Departments of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics and of Paediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Stamatina Ioakim
Stamatina Ioakim
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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S Faisal Ahmed
S Faisal Ahmed
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Silvia Andonova
Silvia Andonova
National Genetic Laboratory, UHOG “Maichin dom", Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Magdalena Avbelj-Stefanija
Magdalena Avbelj-Stefanija
Department for Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Federico Baronio
Federico Baronio
Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Jerome Bouligand
Jerome Bouligand
Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm UMRS1185 & Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, France
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Hennie T Bruggenwirth
Hennie T Bruggenwirth
Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Justin H Davies
Justin H Davies
Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Elfride De Baere
Elfride De Baere
Departments of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics and of Paediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Iveta Dzivite-Krisane
Iveta Dzivite-Krisane
Children’s University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
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Paula Fernandez-Alvarez
Paula Fernandez-Alvarez
Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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Alexander Gheldof
Alexander Gheldof
Center for Medical Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Claudia Giavoli
Claudia Giavoli
Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Claus H Gravholt
Claus H Gravholt
Departments of Endocrinology, of Clinical Medicine and of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Olaf Hiort
Olaf Hiort
University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, and University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Paul-Martin Holterhus
Paul-Martin Holterhus
University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Anders Juul
Anders Juul
Departments of Growth and Reproduction and of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Csilla Krausz
Csilla Krausz
Endocrinology and Andrology Units, University Hospital of Careggi and Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Kristina Lagerstedt-Robinson
Kristina Lagerstedt-Robinson
Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ruth McGowan
Ruth McGowan
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
West of Scotland Centre for Genomic Medicine, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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West of Scotland Centre for Genomic Medicine, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Uta Neumann
Uta Neumann
Charité Medicine University, Berlin, Germany
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Antonio Novelli
Antonio Novelli
Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Xavier Peyrassol
Xavier Peyrassol
Universitè Libre di Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Leonidas A Phylactou
Leonidas A Phylactou
Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Julia Rohayem
Julia Rohayem
University Hospital Münster, Munster, Germany
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Philippe Touraine
Philippe Touraine
Center for Rare Endocrine and Gynecological Disorders, Department of endocrinology and reproductive Medicine, Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Dineke Westra
Dineke Westra
Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Valeria Vezzoli
Valeria Vezzoli
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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Raffaella Rossetti
Raffaella Rossetti
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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Differences of sex development and maturation (SDM) represent a heterogeneous puzzle of rare conditions with a large genetic component whose management and treatment could be improved by an accurate classification of underlying molecular conditions, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) should represent the most appropriate approach. Therefore, we conducted a survey dedicated to the use and potential outcomes of NGS for SDM disorders diagnosis among the 53 health care providers (HCP) of the European Reference Network for rare endocrine conditions. The response rate was 49% with a total of 26 HCPs from 13 countries. All HCPs, except 1, performed NGS investigations for SDM disorders on 6720 patients, 3764 (56%) with differences of sex development (DSD), including 811 unexplained primary ovarian insufficiency, and 2956 (44%) with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH). The approaches varied from targeted analysis of custom gene panels (range: 11–490 genes) in 81.5% of cases or whole exome sequencing with the extraction of a virtual panel in the remaining cases. These analyses were performed for diagnostic purposes in 21 HCPs, supported by the National Health Systems in 16 cases. The likelihood of finding a variant ranged between 7 and 60%, mainly depending upon the number of analysed genes or criteria used for reporting, most HCPs also reporting variants of uncertain significance. These data illustrate the status of genetic diagnosis of DSD and CHH across Europe. In most countries, these analyses are performed for diagnostic purposes, yielding highly variable results, thus suggesting the need for harmonization and general improvements of NGS approaches.
