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Clara Lundetoft Clausen Center of Research & Disruption of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark

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Trine Holm Johannsen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Niels Erik Skakkebæk Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Hanne Frederiksen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Camilla Koch Ryrsø Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Nordsjælland, Hillerød, Denmark
Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Arnold Matovu Dungu Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Nordsjælland, Hillerød, Denmark

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Maria Hein Hegelund Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Nordsjælland, Hillerød, Denmark

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Daniel Faurholt-Jepsen Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Rikke Krogh-Madsen Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Birgitte Lindegaard Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Nordsjælland, Hillerød, Denmark
Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Allan Linneberg Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Line Lund Kårhus Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anders Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Thomas Benfield Center of Research & Disruption of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Aim

To explore pituitary–gonadal hormone concentrations and assess their association with inflammation, severe respiratory failure, and mortality in hospitalized men and women with COVID-19, and compare these to hormone concentrations in hospitalized patients with bacterial community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and influenza virus CAP and to concentrations in a reference group of healthy individuals.

Methods

Serum concentrations of testosterone, estrone sulfate, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured within 4 days of admission. Associations were assessed by logistic regression analysis in patients with COVID-19, and results were reported as odds ratio with 95% CI per two-fold reduction after adjustment for age, comorbidities, days to sample collection, and IL-6 concentrations.

Results

In total, 278 patients with COVID-19, 21 with influenza virus CAP, and 76 with bacterial CAP were included. Testosterone concentrations were suppressed in men hospitalized with COVID-19, bacterial and influenza virus CAP, and moderately suppressed in women. Reductions in testosterone (OR: 3.43 (1.14–10.30), P = 0.028) and LH (OR: 2.51 (1.28–4.92), P = 0.008) were associated with higher odds of mehanical ventilation (MV) in men with COVID-19. In women with COVID-19, reductions in LH (OR: 3.34 (1.02–10-90), P = 0.046) and FSH (OR: 2.52 (1.01–6.27), P = 0.047) were associated with higher odds of MV.

Conclusion

Low testosterone and LH concentrations were predictive of severe respiratory failure in men with COVID-19, whereas low concentrations of LH and FSH were predictive of severe respiratory failure in women with COVID-19.

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Lára Ósk Eggertsdóttir Claessen Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Department of Emergency Medicine, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Hafrún Kristjánsdóttir Physical Activity, Physical Education, Sport, and Health (PAPESH) Research Centre, Sports Science Department, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland

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María Kristín Jónsdóttir Mental Health Services, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Sigrún Helga Lund deCODE Genetics, Inc/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Ingunn Unnsteinsdóttir Kristensen Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Helga Ágústa Sigurjónsdóttir Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Department of Medicine, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Objective

Pituitary dysfunction following mild traumatic brain injury can have serious physical and psychological consequences, making correct diagnosis and treatment essential. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to study the prevalence of pituitary dysfunction following mild traumatic brain injury in an all-female population following detailed endocrinological work-up after screening for pituitary dysfunction in female athletes.

Design

This is a retrospective cohort study.

Methods

Hormone screening blood tests, including serum blood values for thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxin, insulin-like growth factor 1, prolactin, cortisol, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estrogen and progesterone, were taken in 133 female athletes. Results were repeatedly outside the reference value in 88 women necessitating further endocrinological evaluation. Two of those were lost to follow-up, and further endocrinological evaluation was performed in 86 participants.

Results

Six women (4.6%, n = 131) were diagnosed with hypopituitarism, four (3.1%) with central hypothyroidism and two with growth hormone deficiency (1.5%). Ten women (7.6%) had hyperprolactinemia, and four (3.1%) of them had prolactinoma. Medical treatment was initiated in 13 (9.9%) women. Significant prognostic factors were not found.

Conclusions

As 12.2% of female athletes with a history of mild traumatic brain injury had pituitary dysfunction (hypopituitarism 4.6%, hyperprolactinemia 7.6%), we conclude that pituitary dysfunction is an important consideration in post-concussion care. Hyperprolactinemia in the absence of prolactinoma may represent pituitary or hypothalamic injury following mild traumatic brain injury.

Significance statement

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has become a growing public health concern as 50 million people worldwide sustain a traumatic brain injury annually, with mTBI being the most common (70–90%). As studies on mTBI have focused on mostly male populations this study aims to explore pituitary dysfunction (PD) in female athletes following mTBI. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first all-female study on PD following mTBI.

The study found that 12.2% of the participating women had PD after mTBI. Six (4.6%) had hypopituitarism and ten (7.6%) had hyperprolactinemia. These findings suggest that PD following mTBI is an important consideration that endocrinologists and other medical staff working with athletes need to be aware of.

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Ja Hye Kim Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Yunha Choi Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Soojin Hwang Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Ji-Hee Yoon Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Jieun Lee Department of Pediatrics, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea

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Min Jae Kang Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea

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Gu-Hwan Kim Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Han-Wook Yoo Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Jin-Ho Choi Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Objective

This study was performed to investigate the molecular characteristics and frequency of copy number variations (CNVs) of ANOS1 in patients with Kallmann syndrome (KS) or normosmic isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (nIHH) using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis and sequencing.

Methods

Among 45 patients from 43 independent families, Sanger sequencing, next-generation sequencing (NGS), or microarray was performed in 24 patients from 23 families, and MLPA was performed in 19 patients who did not show rare sequence variants (n = 18) or ANOS1 amplification by PCR (n = 1).

Results

Seven patients (four patients with KS, one patient with nIHH, one prepubertal boy with anosmia, and one newborn patient) from six families (6/43, 14%) harbored molecular defects in ANOS1 including a nonsense mutation (c.1140G>A (p.W380*)), a frameshift mutation (c.1260del (p.Q421Kfs*61)), a splice site mutation (c.1449+1G>A), an exon 7 deletion, a complete deletion, and 7.9 Mb-sized inversion encompassing ANOS1. The complete deletion of ANOS1 was identified in a neonate with a micropenis and cryptorchidism. Unilateral renal agenesis was found in three patients, whereas only one patient displayed both synkinesia and sensorineural hearing loss. There was no reversal of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in any patient during 9.1 ± 2.9 years of treatment with testosterone enanthate.

Conclusions

Molecular defects in the ANOS1 gene could be identified in 14% of probands including various types of CNVs (3/43, 7.0%). Comprehensive analysis using sequencing and analysis for CNVs is required to detect molecular defects in ANOS1.

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Ja Hye Kim Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children’s Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Yunha Choi Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children’s Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Soojin Hwang Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children’s Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Gu-Hwan Kim Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Han-Wook Yoo Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children’s Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Jin-Ho Choi Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children’s Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Objective

Heterozygous CHD7 mutations cause a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes ranging from typical CHARGE syndrome to self-limited delayed puberty. This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics of endocrine dysfunction in patients with CHD7 mutations.

Methods

The clinical features and endocrine findings from 30 patients with CHD7 variants were retrospectively reviewed. A diagnosis of CHARGE syndrome was based on the Verloes diagnostic criteria.

Results

Seventeen patients fulfilled the criteria for typical CHARGE syndrome, one patient for partial/incomplete CHARGE, and the remaining eleven patients had atypical CHARGE syndrome. One patient was diagnosed with Kallmann syndrome and unilateral deafness. The most frequently observed features were inner ear anomalies (80.0%), intellectual disability (76.7%), and external ear anomalies (73.3%). The mean height and weight SDSs at diagnosis were −2.6 ± 1.3 and −2.2 ± 1.8, respectively. Short stature was apparent in 18 patients (60%), and 1 patient was diagnosed with growth hormone deficiency. Seventeen males showed genital hypoplasia, including micropenis, cryptorchidism, or both. Seven patients after pubertal age had hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with hyposmia/anosmia and olfactory bulb hypoplasia. Truncating CHD7 mutations were the most common (n  = 22), followed by missense variants (n  = 3), splice-site variants (n  = 2), and large deletion (n  = 2).

Conclusions

A diverse phenotypic spectrum was observed in patients with CHD7 variants, and endocrine defects such as short stature and delayed puberty occurred in most patients. Endocrine evaluation, especially for growth and pubertal impairment, should be performed during diagnosis and follow-up to improve the patient’s quality of life.

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Lukas Plachy Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Petra Dusatkova Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Klara Maratova Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Shenali Anne Amaratunga Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Dana Zemkova Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Vit Neuman Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Stanislava Kolouskova Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Barbora Obermannova Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Marta Snajderova Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Zdenek Sumnik Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Jan Lebl Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Stepanka Pruhova Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Because the causes of combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) are complex, the etiology of congenital CPHD remains unknown in most cases. The aim of the study was to identify the genetic etiology of CPHD in a well-defined single-center cohort. In total, 34 children (12 girls) with congenital CPHD (growth hormone (GH) deficiency and impaired secretion of at least one other pituitary hormone) treated with GH in our center were enrolled in the study. Their median age was 11.2 years, pre-treatment height was −3.2 s.d., and maximal stimulated GH was 1.4 ug/L. Of them, 30 had central adrenal insufficiency, 27 had central hypothyroidism, ten had hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and three had central diabetes insipidus. Twenty-six children had a midline defect on MRI. Children with clinical suspicion of a specific genetic disorder underwent genetic examination of the gene(s) of interest via Sanger sequencing or array comparative genomic hybridization. Children without a detected causal variant after the first-tier testing or with no suspicion of a specific genetic disorder were subsequently examined using next-generation sequencing growth panel. Variants were evaluated by the American College of Medical Genetics standards. Genetic etiology was confirmed in 7/34 (21%) children. Chromosomal aberrations were found in one child (14q microdeletion involving the OTX2 gene). The remaining 6 children had causative genetic variants in the GLI2, PROP1, POU1F1, TBX3, PMM2, and GNAO1 genes, respectively. We elucidated the cause of CPHD in a fifth of the patients. Moreover, our study supports the PMM2 gene as a candidate gene for CPHD and suggests pathogenic variants in the GNAO1 gene as a potential novel genetic cause of CPHD.

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Dan Liang Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Han Chen Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Li-Yong Zhong Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Purpose

Intracranial germ cell tumors frequently arise from the midline of the brain, occasionally presenting as bifocal diseases. The predominant lesion might affect clinical characteristics and neuroendocrine outcomes.

Method

A retrospective cohort study involving 38 patients with intracranial bifocal germ cell tumors was performed.

Result

Twenty-one patients were assigned to the sellar-predominant group, while the other 17 patients were assigned to the non-sellar-predominant group. Differences in gender ratio, age, manifestation, the incidence of metastasis, the incidence of elevated tumor markers, human chorionic gonadotropin levels in serum and in cerebrospinal fluid, diagnostic method, and tumor type were not significant between the sellar-predominant group and the non-sellar-predominant group. Before treatment, the sellar-predominant group had a higher incidence of adenohypophysis hormone deficiencies and central diabetes insipidus than those of the non-sellar-predominant group, without significant differences. After multidisciplinary therapy, the sellar-predominant group also had a higher incidence of adenohypophysis hormone deficiencies and central diabetes insipidus than those of the non-sellar-predominant group. The differences in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis impairment (P = 0.008), hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis impairment (P = 0.048), and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonad (HPG) axis impairment (P = 0.029) were significant between sellar-predominant group and non-sellar-predominant group, while the others were not. At median 6 (3, 43) months of follow-up visit, sellar-predominant group had a higher incidence of adenohypophysis hormone deficiencies than those of non-sellar-predominant group. The differences in the HPA impairment (P = 0.002), HPT impairment (P = 0.024), and HPG impairment (P < 0.000) were significant, while the others were not. Further comparison of the neuroendocrine function between different subtypes of sellar-predominant patients indicated that the differences in adenohypophysis hormone deficiencies and central diabetes insipidus were not significant between the two subtype groups.

Conclusion

Bifocal patients with different predominant lesions present similar manifestations and neuroendocrine disorders before treatment. Non-sellar-predominant patients would have better neuroendocrine outcomes after tumor treatment. The distinction of the predominant lesion in patients with bifocal intracranial germ cell tumor plays a valuable role in predicting neuroendocrine outcomes, as well as in optimizing long-term neuroendocrine management during survival time.

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