peak bone mass and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics ( 1 ). However, individual outcomes of estrogen treatment are highly variable among these patients. For instance, uterine development descriptions range from lower than average
Renata C Scalco, Ericka B Trarbach, Edoarda V A Albuquerque, Thais K Homma, Thais H Inoue-Lima, Mirian Y Nishi, Berenice B Mendonca, and Alexander A L Jorge
Jiayang Lin, Peizhen Zhang, Yan Huang, Xueyun Wei, Dan Guo, Jianfang Liu, Deying Liu, Yajuan Deng, Bingyan Xu, Chensihan Huang, Xiaoyu Yang, Yan Lu, Lijing Jia, and Huijie Zhang
Introduction Thyroid hormones are essential for both normal development and metabolism. These actions are mediated through its two receptor isoforms, thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα) and thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) ( 1 ). Thyroid hormone
Rajae Talbi and Victor M Navarro
neurons in the control of reproduction and metabolism. On one hand, Kiss1 ARC neurons are direct targets of central and peripheral metabolic cues, which form an essential regulatory element of the HPG axis from early stages of development. On the other
Richard P Steeds, Vandana Sagar, Shishir Shetty, Tessa Oelofse, Harjot Singh, Raheel Ahmad, Elizabeth Bradley, Rachel Moore, Suzanne Vickrage, Stacey Smith, Ivan Yim, Yasir S Elhassan, Hema Venkataraman, John Ayuk, Stephen Rooney, and Tahir Shah
centralising care to a limited number of centres able to invest in the required service development and having the appropriate infrastructure for multidisciplinary care may be the best way to improve outcomes for CHD patients. Pathophysiology of CHD In
Angelo Maria Patti, Kalliopi Pafili, Nikolaos Papanas, and Manfredi Rizzo
development of gestational diabetes (GDM) cases ( 1 ). Epidemiological evidence has consistently shown that among mothers with prior history of GDM, 30–84% of them had GDM recurrence in subsequent pregnancies ( 2 ), 20–40% developed metabolic syndrome (MetS
Elizabeth Micks, Greta B Raglan, and Jay Schulkin
these issues (6) . Reducing unmet need for family planning represents one of the most effective strategies for improving maternal health (7) , and progestogens remain one of the most promising avenues for contraceptive research and development. However
Legh Wilkinson, Nicolette J D Verhoog, and Ann Louw
signalling, often resulting in various peripheral effects, one of which is the tissue-specific reductions in the glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα) functional pool. This reduction in the GRα functional pool may ultimately drive the development of acquired GC
Yiqiong Ma, Zhaowei Chen, Yu Tao, Jili Zhu, Hongxia Yang, Wei Liang, and Guohua Ding
progression of DN ( 13 ). Our previous studies confirmed that high levels of glucose cause mitochondrial ROS production and increases the podocyte apoptosis rate ( 14 , 15 ). However, whether mitochondrial dynamics contribute to the development and
Doron Weinstein, Rive Sarfstein, Zvi Laron, and Haim Werner
are effectively used in clinical settings (2, 4) . The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has an important role in the normal growth and development of the prostate gland (5) . In addition to its physiological role, epidemiological, clinical
Ram P Narayanan, Bo Fu, Adrian H Heald, Kirk W Siddals, Robert L Oliver, Julie E Hudson, Antony Payton, Simon G Anderson, Anne White, William E R Ollier, and J Martin Gibson
development and progression of diabetic kidney disease is influenced by a number of biological factors. Among these, the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family of proteins have been repeatedly implicated in the development of nephropathy and other