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Bruno Donadille Service d’Endocrinologie et Médecine de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocrines Rares de la Croissance, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Est, AP-HP, Paris, France

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Muriel Houang Service d’Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocrines Rares de la Croissance, Hôpital Trousseau, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Est, AP-HP, Paris, France

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Irène Netchine Service d’Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocrines Rares de la Croissance, Hôpital Trousseau, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Est, AP-HP, Paris, France
Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France

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Jean-Pierre Siffroi Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
INSERM UMR_S933, Paris, France

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Sophie Christin-Maitre Service d’Endocrinologie et Médecine de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocrines Rares de la Croissance, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Est, AP-HP, Paris, France
Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
INSERM UMR_S933, Paris, France

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severe form of HSD3B2 mutation, male patients present neonatal salt wasting, as well as disorders of sexual development (DSD), with micropenis and severe hypospadias. The external genitalia morphogenesis is impaired due to the diminished testosterone

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T P Parikh Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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B Stolze Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Y Ozarda Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey

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J Jonklaas Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA

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K Welsh Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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L Masika Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology/National Health Laboratory Service Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa

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M Hill Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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A DeCherney Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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S J Soldin Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA

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Introduction Diurnal variations in the serum concentration of steroid hormones and their metabolism, as assessed by urinary excretion, have long been known for cortisol and testosterone ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). Less information exists for the other up

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Sakina Kherra CHU Parnet Hopital, Algiers, Algeria

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Wendy Forsyth Paterson Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Yorkhill, Glasgow, UK

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Filiz Mine Cizmecioglu Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Department, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey

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Jeremy Huw Jones Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children Glasgow, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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Mariam Kourime Abderrahim Harouchi Hôpital, Casablanca, Morocco

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Heba Hassan Elsedfy Pediatrics Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

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Sameh Tawfik Department of Pediatrics, Maadi Hospital, Cairo, Egypt

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Andreas Kyriakou Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children Glasgow, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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Mohamad Guftar Shaikh Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children Glasgow, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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Malcolm David Cairns Donaldson Section of Child Health, Glasgow University School of Medicine, Glasgow, UK

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). Clinical features include small penis, scrotal hypoplasia and cryptorchidism at birth, with spontaneous puberty but mid-pubertal arrest and reduced testicular volume attributable to a reduction in seminiferous tubules. Basal gonadotrophins and testosterone

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Bo Zhu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Sir Run Run ShawHospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Yumei Chen Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Fang Xu Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Xiaolu Shen Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Xuanyu Chen Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Jieqiang Lv Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Songying Zhang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Sir Run Run ShawHospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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in islets of the well-established dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS animal model and revealed the effects of testosterone (TE) on ER stress and apoptosis in both INS-1 cells and primary cultured mouse islets. Finally, we demonstrated that TE

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Ladan Younesi Shahid Akbarabadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShACRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran

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Zeinab Safarpour Lima Shahid Akbarabadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShACRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran

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Azadeh Akbari Sene Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IVF Fellowship, Shahid Akbar-Abadi Hospital IVF Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Zahra Hosseini Jebelli Shahid Akbarabadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShACRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran

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Ghazaleh Amjad Shahid Akbarabadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShACRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran

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ultrasonography (TVU) was performed in early follicular phase (between two and five cycles), and then the patients were tested for serum levels of luteinizing hormones, FSH, prolactin (PRL), estradiol, free testosterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and DHEAS

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Angela Köninger
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Philippos Edimiris
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Laura Koch
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Antje Enekwe
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Claudia Lamina Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Vitateq Biotechnology GmbH, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany

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Sabine Kasimir-Bauer
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Rainer Kimmig
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Hans Dieplinger Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Vitateq Biotechnology GmbH, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Vitateq Biotechnology GmbH, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany

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amenorrhea, defined as cycles lasting longer than 3 months), clinical or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism (hirsutism) with a Ferriman–Gallwey score of more than seven (17) or obvious acne or alopecia (18) or an elevated total testosterone (normal

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Shenglong Le Exercise, Health and Technology Centre, Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

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Leiting Xu Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China

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Moritz Schumann Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
The Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, and Exercise Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Na Wu Exercise, Health and Technology Centre, Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

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Timo Törmäkangas Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

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Markku Alén Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland

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Sulin Cheng Exercise, Health and Technology Centre, Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
The Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, and Exercise Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Petri Wiklund Exercise, Health and Technology Centre, Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

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centrifugation and stored immediately at −80°C until analysis. The samples from different time points were analyzed by one technician using the same kits and instrument. Estradiol (E2), testosterone and SHBG were determined by ELISA (NovaTec Immunodiagnostica

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Jana Ernst Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Katharina Gert Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Frank Bernhard Kraus Central Laboratory, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Ernst-Grube-Strasse, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Ulrike Elisabeth Rolle-Kampczyk Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

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Martin Wabitsch Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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Faramarz Dehghani Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Kristina Schaedlich Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse, Halle (Saale), Germany

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well as the active androgen testosterone, being the most abundant in the circulation ( 9 ). However, it has also been hypothesized that a further and substantial contributor to androgen production is adipose tissue ( 10 ). Besides the body’s own

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Xingyan Liu Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, General Hospital of PLA Eastern Theater (Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command), Command, Nanjing, China

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Mei Xu Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, General Hospital of PLA Eastern Theater (Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command), Command, Nanjing, China

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Min Qian Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, General Hospital of PLA Eastern Theater (Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command), Command, Nanjing, China

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Lindong Yang Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, General Hospital of PLA Eastern Theater (Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command), Command, Nanjing, China

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genotype) and outcome measurement data (serum testosterone levels in total and different genotype, BMI). Furthermore, the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) test was also calculated manually. The characteristics of studies are summarized in Table 1

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Signe Frøssing Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Malin Nylander Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Caroline Kistorp Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Sven O Skouby Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens Faber Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark

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testosterone was analyzed with mass spectroscopy (Waters UPLC-TQS LC–MS/MS system, Milford, USA), inter-assay CV 10%. Free testosterone was calculated from total testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). SHBG was analyzed with a sandwich

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