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Nafiye Helvaci Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

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Erdem Karabulut Department of Biostatistics, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

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Ahmet Ugur Demir Department of Chest Diseases, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

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Bulent Okan Yildiz Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

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of total and free testosterone, fasting glucose and fasting insulin. Statistical analysis Meta-analysis was performed using metafor package, version 1.9–5 in R 3.1.2 software. Freeman–Tukey double arcsine transformation that provides the

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A Bergougnoux Service de Génétique Moléculaire et de Cytogénétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France

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L Gaspari Département d'Endocrinologie et de Gynécologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
INSERM Unité 1203 (DEFE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France

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M Soleirol Département de Pediatrie, CHU Nîmes, France, Université de Montpellier Faculté de Médecine Montpellier-Nîmes, Montpellier, France

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N Servant Service de Génétique Moléculaire et de Cytogénétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France

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S Soskin Département de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hautepierre de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France

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S Rossignol Département de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hautepierre de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France

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K Wagner-Mahler Département de Pédiatrie, CHU Nice, Hôpitaux Pédiatriques de Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France

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J Bertherat Department of Endocrinology, French Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Disorders, Hôpital Cochin, Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Assitance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France

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C Sultan Département d'Endocrinologie et de Gynécologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France

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N Kalfa Department of Pediatric Urological Surgery, French Reference Center for abnormalities of Genital Development (DevGen), CHU Lapeyronie, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France

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F Paris Service de Génétique Moléculaire et de Cytogénétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
Département d'Endocrinologie et de Gynécologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
INSERM Unité 1203 (DEFE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France

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of testosterone and gonadotropins in plasma. Moreover, quantification of plasma 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and possibly of other androgens (e.g. delta-4 androstenedione (A4) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S)), and abdominopelvic ultrasonography

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Brendan J Nolan Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Aviva S Frydman Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Shalem Y Leemaqz College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Meg Carroll Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Mathis Grossmann Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Jeffrey D Zajac Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Ada S Cheung Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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more rapid feminisation with greater testosterone suppression and enhanced breast development ( 2 ), however, others raise concerns regarding breast cancer and cardiovascular disease risk with the use of progestins ( 3 ). Due to a lack of evidence

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Stavroula A Paschou Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Eleni Palioura Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Dimitrios Ioannidis Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sismanoglio-Amalia Fleming Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Panagiotis Anagnostis Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Argyro Panagiotakou Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sismanoglio-Amalia Fleming Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Vasiliki Loi Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Georgios Karageorgos Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sismanoglio-Amalia Fleming Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Dimitrios G Goulis Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Andromachi Vryonidou Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece

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, insulin, total testosterone (TT), Δ4-androstenedione (Δ4A), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were assessed in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance

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Yunting Lin Department of Surgical Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China

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Endi Song Department of Internal Medicine, Ningbo Yinzhou No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China

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Han Jin Department of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China

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Yong Jin Department of Internal Medicine, Ningbo Yinzhou No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China

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. Several observational studies have reported that estradiol (E2) and testosterone are protective factors against CVD events in women and men, respectively ( 19 , 20 ). The incidence of CVD was lower in premenopausal women than in men. However, in

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R Walia Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India

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M Singla Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India

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K Vaiphei Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India

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S Kumar Department of Urology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India

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A Bhansali Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India

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hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androstenedione (A) and unstimulated and/or stimulated 17-hydroxy progesterone 17(OH) P levels (where indicated). Congenital adrenal hyperplasia was diagnosed

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Kristin Ottarsdottir Primary Health Care, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Margareta Hellgren Primary Health Care, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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David Bock Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Anna G Nilsson Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Bledar Daka Primary Health Care, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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. References 1 Laaksonen DE Niskanen L Punnonen K Nyyssonen K Tuomainen TP Valkonen VP Salonen R Salonen JT . Testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin predict the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in middle-aged men . Diabetes Care

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Iben Katinka Greiber Department of Growth and Reproduction, EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Casper P Hagen Department of Growth and Reproduction, EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Alexander Siegfried Busch Department of Growth and Reproduction, EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Mikkel Grunnet Mieritz Department of Growth and Reproduction, EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Lise Aksglæde Department of Growth and Reproduction, EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Katharina Main Department of Growth and Reproduction, EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Kristian Almstrup Department of Growth and Reproduction, EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anders Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction, EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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), estradiol (318 girls: 920; 658 boys: 1405) and testosterone (319 girls: 930; 658 boys: 1405). Genotyping Peripheral blood (EDTA-preserved) was used for isolation of genomic DNA using the QuickGene-810 Nucleic Acid Isolation System (Fujifilm, Life

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Monica F Stecchini Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Zilda Braid Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Candy B More Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Davi C Aragon Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Margaret Castro Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Ayrton C Moreira Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Sonir R Antonini Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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tumors or M-ACT), when androgen excess was combined with autonomous cortisol secretion, confirmed by a dexamethasone suppression test ( 17 ). Plasma concentration of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), androstenedione, testosterone and 17

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Sarantis Livadas Endocrine Unit, Athens Medical Centre, Athens, Greece

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Christina Bothou Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

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Justyna Kuliczkowska-Płaksej Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Isotope Therapy, University of Medicine, Wrocław, Poland

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Ralitsa Robeva Ushate ‘acad. IV. Penchev’, Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Andromahi Vryonidou Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Jelica Bjekic Macut Department of Endocrinology, UMC Bežanijska Kosa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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Ioannis Androulakis Endocrine Unit, Athens Medical Centre, Athens, Greece

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Milica Opalic Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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Zadalla Mouslech 1st Medical Propedeutic, Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Andrej Milewicz Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Isotope Therapy, University of Medicine, Wrocław, Poland

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Alessandra Gambineri Department of Medical and Surgical Science-DIMEC Endocrinology Unit, University of Bologna – S. Orsola-Mapighi Hospital, Italy

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Dimitrios Panidis Gynaecological Endocrinology Infirmary of the Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Djuro Macut Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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Clinical Chemistry System (Siemens Medical Solutions). Insulin was measured using a solid-phase enzyme-amplified sensitivity immunoassay (INS-EASIA; Biosource Technologies, Nivelles, Belgium). Total testosterone was measured by ELISA (testosterone enzyme

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