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Kathryn Lingen
Kathryn Lingen
Close Concerns, San Francisco, California, USA
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Talia Pikounis
Talia Pikounis
Close Concerns, San Francisco, California, USA
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Natalie Bellini
Natalie Bellini
University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Diana Isaacs
Diana Isaacs
Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Introduction Brief history of insulin pens and evolution to connected pens Every person with type 1 diabetes requires insulin to live. Many people with type 2 diabetes also require insulin to achieve glycemic targets due to the progressive
Xiaohui Qi
Xiaohui Qi
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Ping He
Ping He
Shanghai Hospital Link Center, Shanghai Hospital Development Center, Shanghai, China
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Huayan Yao
Huayan Yao
Computer Net Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Huanhuan Sun
Huanhuan Sun
Wonders Information Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
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Jiying Qi
Jiying Qi
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Min Cao
Min Cao
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Bin Cui
Bin Cui
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Guang Ning
Guang Ning
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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shown that insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) are involved in the development and progression of malignancies ( 9 , 10 ). Insulin has been reported to be associated with an increased risk of several cancer sites, such as the liver, pancreas
Svjatoslavs Kistkins
Svjatoslavs Kistkins
Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
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Othmar Moser
Othmar Moser
Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Institute of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Vitālijs Ankudovičs
Vitālijs Ankudovičs
Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
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Dmitrijs Blizņuks
Dmitrijs Blizņuks
Institute of Smart Computing Technologies, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
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Timurs Mihailovs
Timurs Mihailovs
Institute of Smart Computing Technologies, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
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Sergejs Lobanovs
Sergejs Lobanovs
Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
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Harald Sourij
Harald Sourij
Trials Unit for Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetolgoy, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Andreas F H Pfeiffer
Andreas F H Pfeiffer
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Hindenburgdamm, Berlin, Germany
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Valdis Pīrāgs
Valdis Pīrāgs
Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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complications such as cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and certain types of cancer ( 6 ). From a pathophysiological point of view, an excessive white adipose tissue mass is linked to increased insulin resistance, aggravating age-dependent risk of T2D and
Xue-Lian Zhang
Xue-Lian Zhang
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Xinyi Zhao
Xinyi Zhao
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Yong Wu
Yong Wu
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Wen-qing Huang
Wen-qing Huang
Department of Transfusion Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Jun-jiang Chen
Jun-jiang Chen
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Peijie Hu
Peijie Hu
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Wei Liu
Wei Liu
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Yi-Wen Chen
Yi-Wen Chen
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Jin Hao
Jin Hao
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Rong-Rong Xie
Rong-Rong Xie
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Hsiao Chang Chan
Hsiao Chang Chan
Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
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Ye Chun Ruan
Ye Chun Ruan
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Hui Chen
Hui Chen
Cell-Gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Jinghui Guo
Jinghui Guo
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Introduction Diabetes mellitus or diabetes, characterized by disturbed glucose metabolism and problematic insulin secretion ( 1 ), is a chronic condition complicated with eventual damage of multiple organs including the blood vessels, kidney
Vânia Benido Silva
Vânia Benido Silva
Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Liliana Fonseca
Liliana Fonseca
Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Maria Teresa Pereira
Maria Teresa Pereira
Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Joana Vilaverde
Joana Vilaverde
Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Clara Pinto
Clara Pinto
Department of Obstetrics, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Fernando Pichel
Fernando Pichel
Department of Nutrition, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Maria do Céu Almeida
Maria do Céu Almeida
In representation of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group of the Portuguese Society of Diabetology, Lisbon, Portugal
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Jorge Dores
Jorge Dores
Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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physical activity program ( 9 , 10 ). If glycemic goals were not reached after these measures, pharmacological therapy should be started ( 9 , 10 ). For many years, insulin has been used to safely and effectively treat GDM ( 11 ). More recently
Peter Wolf
Peter Wolf
Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Alexandre Dormoy
Alexandre Dormoy
Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Luigi Maione
Luigi Maione
Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Sylvie Salenave
Sylvie Salenave
Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Jacques Young
Jacques Young
Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Peter Kamenický
Peter Kamenický
Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Philippe Chanson
Philippe Chanson
Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Introduction Acromegaly results in a clinical syndrome following increased serum concentrations of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). If not adequately treated, GH excess is associated with increased morbidity and
Jan W Eriksson
Jan W Eriksson
Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Reem A Emad
Reem A Emad
Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Martin H Lundqvist
Martin H Lundqvist
Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Niclas Abrahamsson
Niclas Abrahamsson
Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Maria C Kjellsson
Maria C Kjellsson
Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Introduction Development of type 2 diabetes has been perceived as a process that involves progressive insulin resistance in muscles, adipose tissue, and liver and a gradual failure of pancreatic beta cells to secrete sufficient amounts of
Rama Lakshman
Rama Lakshman
Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Charlotte Boughton
Charlotte Boughton
Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge, UK
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Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge, UK
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Roman Hovorka
Roman Hovorka
Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Introduction Over nine million people worldwide live with type 1 diabetes (T1D) ( 1 ). In this condition, immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta-cells leads to insulin deficiency and resultant hyperglycaemia. The management of T1D
Wenjun Long
Wenjun Long
Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Tuo Zhou
Tuo Zhou
Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Xiuping Xuan
Xiuping Xuan
Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Qiuli Cao
Qiuli Cao
Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Zuojie Luo
Zuojie Luo
Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Yingfen Qin
Yingfen Qin
Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Qin Ning
Qin Ning
Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Xiaoping Luo
Xiaoping Luo
Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Xuemei Xie
Xuemei Xie
Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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growth (CG-IUGR) is much higher than that in normal people ( 10 , 11 ). Insulin resistance has been considered as an early manifestation as well as a crucial mechanism for metabolic disturbance in later life of individuals with CG-IUGR ( 12 , 13 , 14
Huiyuan Zhai
Huiyuan Zhai
Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Dongxu Wang
Dongxu Wang
Department of Geriatrics, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Yong Wang
Yong Wang
Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Hongwei Gu
Hongwei Gu
Central Laboratory, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Juan Jv
Juan Jv
Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Liangliang Yuan
Liangliang Yuan
Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Chao Wang
Chao Wang
Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Leiyao Chen
Leiyao Chen
Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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to form a characteristic feature known as a crown-like structure (CLS) ( 8 ). M1 macrophages in adipose tissue are considered instigators of insulin resistance due to the secretion of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNFα ( 9 ). Chronic
