B Fabre
B Fabre
Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Laboratory, TCba Salguero Laboratory, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Nutrition Unit, INFIBIOC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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G Maccallini
G Maccallini
Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Laboratory, TCba Salguero Laboratory, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Nutrition Unit, INFIBIOC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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A Oneto
A Oneto
Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Laboratory, TCba Salguero Laboratory, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Nutrition Unit, INFIBIOC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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D Gonzalez
D Gonzalez
Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Laboratory, TCba Salguero Laboratory, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Nutrition Unit, INFIBIOC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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V Hirschler
V Hirschler
Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Laboratory, TCba Salguero Laboratory, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Nutrition Unit, INFIBIOC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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C Aranda
C Aranda
Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Laboratory, TCba Salguero Laboratory, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Nutrition Unit, INFIBIOC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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G Berg
G Berg
Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Laboratory, TCba Salguero Laboratory, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Nutrition Unit, INFIBIOC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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(associated with carbohydrate intolerance), type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome in the population, particularly in children, all primarily due to changes in their lifestyle (5, 6, 7) . Insulin that is actively transported to the saliva from its
Kathryn Lingen
Kathryn Lingen
Close Concerns, San Francisco, California, USA
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Talia Pikounis
Talia Pikounis
Close Concerns, San Francisco, California, USA
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Natalie Bellini
Natalie Bellini
University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Diana Isaacs
Diana Isaacs
Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Introduction Brief history of insulin pens and evolution to connected pens Every person with type 1 diabetes requires insulin to live. Many people with type 2 diabetes also require insulin to achieve glycemic targets due to the progressive
Xiaohui Qi
Xiaohui Qi
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Ping He
Ping He
Shanghai Hospital Link Center, Shanghai Hospital Development Center, Shanghai, China
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Huayan Yao
Huayan Yao
Computer Net Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Huanhuan Sun
Huanhuan Sun
Wonders Information Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
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Jiying Qi
Jiying Qi
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Min Cao
Min Cao
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Bin Cui
Bin Cui
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Guang Ning
Guang Ning
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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shown that insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) are involved in the development and progression of malignancies ( 9 , 10 ). Insulin has been reported to be associated with an increased risk of several cancer sites, such as the liver, pancreas
Bledar Daka
Bledar Daka
Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Social Medicine and Global Health, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Social Medicine and Global Health, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Social Medicine and Global Health, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Thord Rosen
Thord Rosen
Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Social Medicine and Global Health, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Per Anders Jansson
Per Anders Jansson
Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Social Medicine and Global Health, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Lennart Råstam
Lennart Råstam
Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Social Medicine and Global Health, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Charlotte A Larsson
Charlotte A Larsson
Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Social Medicine and Global Health, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Social Medicine and Global Health, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Social Medicine and Global Health, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ulf Lindblad
Ulf Lindblad
Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Social Medicine and Global Health, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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, 10) . Moreover, in vitro studies have shown that insulin might inhibit production of SHBG in human hepatoma cells (11) , and in accordance with these findings an inhibitory effect of insulin on SHBG secretion has been reported (12) . In contrast
Yusaku Mori
Yusaku Mori
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
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Department of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
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Eunhyoung Ko
Eunhyoung Ko
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Rudolf Furrer
Rudolf Furrer
Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Linda C Qu
Linda C Qu
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Stuart C Wiber
Stuart C Wiber
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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I George Fantus
I George Fantus
Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leadership Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leadership Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Mario Thevis
Mario Thevis
Center for Preventive Doping Research and Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Alan Medline
Alan Medline
Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Pathology, Humber River Regional Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Department of Pathology, Humber River Regional Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Adria Giacca
Adria Giacca
Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Introduction Insulin treatment is life saving for type 1 diabetes and essential for achieving glycaemic control and thus preventing complications in type 2 diabetes. However, insulin has mitotic properties in addition to its well
P R van Dijk
P R van Dijk
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
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S J J Logtenberg
S J J Logtenberg
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
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Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
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K H Groenier
K H Groenier
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
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Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
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N Kleefstra
N Kleefstra
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
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Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
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H J G Bilo
H J G Bilo
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
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Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
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H J Arnqvist
H J Arnqvist
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
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Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
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Introduction Insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) are structurally and functionally closely related peptides. IGF1, mainly synthesized in the liver after stimulation of the GH receptor, plays a central role in cell metabolism and growth
Ivar Følling
Ivar Følling
Department of Endocrinology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
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Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
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Anna B Wennerstrøm
Anna B Wennerstrøm
Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
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Tor J Eide
Tor J Eide
Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Hilde Loge Nilsen
Hilde Loge Nilsen
Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
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Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
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important ectopic hormone is adrenocorticotropic hormone causing Cushing syndrome that adds to the typical phaeochromocytoma symptoms ( 1 , 2 ). Staining with anti-insulin was described in five of seven phaeochromocytomas ( 3 ). Other examples of ectopic
Doron Weinstein
Doron Weinstein
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Rive Sarfstein
Rive Sarfstein
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Zvi Laron
Zvi Laron
Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Unit, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Haim Werner
Haim Werner
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are effectively used in clinical settings (2, 4) . The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has an important role in the normal growth and development of the prostate gland (5) . In addition to its physiological role, epidemiological, clinical
L Ahlkvist
L Ahlkvist
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K Brown
K Brown
Department of Clinical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Biomedical Center, C11, Lund University, SE 22184 Lund, Sweden
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B Ahrén
B Ahrén
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Introduction In fully compensated insulin resistance, there is a sufficient upregulation of insulin secretion whereas in glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes this upregulation is inadequate (1) . Several mechanisms have been suggested to
Jothydev Kesavadev
Jothydev Kesavadev
Jothydev’s Diabetes Research Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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Pradeep Babu Sadasivan Pillai
Pradeep Babu Sadasivan Pillai
Jothydev’s Diabetes Research Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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Arun Shankar
Arun Shankar
Jothydev’s Diabetes Research Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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Gopika Krishnan
Gopika Krishnan
Jothydev’s Diabetes Research Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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Sunitha Jothydev
Sunitha Jothydev
Jothydev’s Diabetes Research Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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require insulin therapy due to inadequate glycemic control with oral agents ( 1 ). Metformin and sulfonylureas (SU) are the most commonly used oral antidiabetic agents. However, SU have a greater tendency to cause hypoglycemia and weight gain and hence
