Ditte Sofie Dahl Sørensen
Ditte Sofie Dahl Sørensen
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jesper Krogh
Jesper Krogh
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Åse Krogh Rasmussen
Åse Krogh Rasmussen
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Mikkel Andreassen
Mikkel Andreassen
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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prevalence of 1:200 to 1:1000 ( 4 ), and is typically diagnosed during workup of early puberty or due to symptoms of mild hyperandrogenism including hirsutism and acne in females ( 5 ). The goal of treatment is first, to replace deficient hormones, and
Hanna F Nowotny
Hanna F Nowotny
Medizinische Klinik IV, Department of Endocrinology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Jillian Bryce
Jillian Bryce
Office for Rare Conditions, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Salma R Ali
Salma R Ali
Office for Rare Conditions, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Roberta Giordano
Roberta Giordano
Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Federico Baronio
Federico Baronio
Pediatric Unit, Department Hospital of Woman and Child, Endo-ERN Centre IT11, IRCSS AOU S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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Irina Chifu
Irina Chifu
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Lea Tschaidse
Lea Tschaidse
Medizinische Klinik IV, Department of Endocrinology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Martine Cools
Martine Cools
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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Erica LT van den Akker
Erica LT van den Akker
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Henrik Falhammar
Henrik Falhammar
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Natasha M Appelman-Dijkstra
Natasha M Appelman-Dijkstra
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Luca Persani
Luca Persani
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan Italy
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Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan Italy
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Guglielmo Beccuti
Guglielmo Beccuti
Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Ian L Ross
Ian L Ross
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Simona Grozinsky-Glasberg
Simona Grozinsky-Glasberg
Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hadassah Medical Organisation and Faculty of Medicine, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Alberto M Pereira
Alberto M Pereira
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Eystein S Husebye
Eystein S Husebye
Department of Clinical Science and KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Stefanie Hahner
Stefanie Hahner
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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S Faisal Ahmed
S Faisal Ahmed
Office for Rare Conditions, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Nicole Reisch
Nicole Reisch
Medizinische Klinik IV, Department of Endocrinology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
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infection reported, 41 were female (median age 51.0 years (IQR 28.5)) and 23 were male (median age 37.0 years (IQR 41.0)). Adrenal gland disorders included in the questionnaire were AI (34 female, 23 male) and CS (7 female). Of AI patients, 25 female
Natacha Driessens
Natacha Driessens
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), CUB Hôpital Erasme, Department of Endocrinology, Route de Lennik, Brussels, Belgium
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Madhu Prasai
Madhu Prasai
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), CUB Hôpital Erasme, Department of Endocrinology, Route de Lennik, Brussels, Belgium
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Orsalia Alexopoulou
Orsalia Alexopoulou
Department of Endocrinology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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Christophe De Block
Christophe De Block
Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Metabolism, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen & University of Antwerp, Drie Eikenstraat, Edegem, Belgium
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Eva Van Caenegem
Eva Van Caenegem
Department of Endocrinology, Academisch Ziekenhuis Sint-Jan Brugge – Oostende AV, Ruddershove, Brugge, Belgium
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Guy T’Sjoen
Guy T’Sjoen
Department of Endocrinology, Ghent Universitary Hospital, C. Heymanslaan, Gent, Belgium
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Frank Nobels
Frank Nobels
Department of Endocrinology, Onze-Lieve Vrouw Ziekenhuis, Moorselbaan, Aalst, Belgium
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Christophe Ghys
Christophe Ghys
Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Brussels, Belgium
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Laurent Vroonen
Laurent Vroonen
Department of Endocrinology, Cliniques Universitaires de Liège, Avenue de l’hôpital, Liège, Belgium
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Corinne Jonas
Corinne Jonas
Department of Endocrinology, CHU UCL Namur - Godinne, Avenue Docteur Gaston Thérasse, Yvoir, Belgium
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Bernard Corvilain
Bernard Corvilain
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), CUB Hôpital Erasme, Department of Endocrinology, Route de Lennik, Brussels, Belgium
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Dominique Maiter
Dominique Maiter
Department of Endocrinology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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was 38 years (IQR 25–48; min–max 0–82). Twenty-eight patients (14%) were below the age of 18 at the time of diagnosis. There was a higher prevalence in females (F 121, M 79; sex ratio F/M = 1.53). The median duration of disease at the time of data
Elena Valassi
Elena Valassi
Endocrinology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital and Research Institute, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Iacopo Chiodini
Iacopo Chiodini
IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Richard A Feelders
Richard A Feelders
Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Cornelie D Andela
Cornelie D Andela
Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Endocrine Tumours, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
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Margueritta Abou-Hanna
Margueritta Abou-Hanna
HRA Pharma Rare Diseases, Châtillon, France
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Sarah Idres
Sarah Idres
HRA Pharma Rare Diseases, Châtillon, France
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Antoine Tabarin
Antoine Tabarin
Department of Endocrinology and INSERM U862 University and CHU of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
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from the United Kingdom and 14% ( n = 44) from the United States of America. More than half (53.7%, n = 172) of the patients were aged between 35 and 54 years, and 88.4% ( n = 283) were female. The majority of patients (53.1%, n = 170) had
M Cherenko
M Cherenko
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
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N M Appelman-Dijkstra
N M Appelman-Dijkstra
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
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A L Priego Zurita
A L Priego Zurita
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
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N R Biermasz
N R Biermasz
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
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O M Dekkers
O M Dekkers
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
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F A Klok
F A Klok
Department of Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
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N Reisch
N Reisch
Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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A Aulinas
A Aulinas
Department of Endocrinology, Fundacio de Gestio Sanitaria Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IR-SantPau and CIBERER Unit 747 (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
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B Biagetti
B Biagetti
Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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S Cannavo
S Cannavo
Endocrine Unit, University Hospital AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Messina, Italy
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L Canu
L Canu
University Hospital Florence Careggi, Florence, Italy
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M Detomas
M Detomas
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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F Devuyst
F Devuyst
Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
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H Falhammar
H Falhammar
Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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R A Feelders
R A Feelders
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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F Ferrau
F Ferrau
Endocrine Unit, University Hospital AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Messina, Italy
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F Gatto
F Gatto
IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Genoa, Italy
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C Grasselli
C Grasselli
Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, AUSL-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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P van Houten
P van Houten
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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C Hoybye
C Hoybye
Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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A M Isidori
A M Isidori
Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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A Kyrilli
A Kyrilli
Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
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P Loli
P Loli
Division of Endocrinology, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital Milan, Italy
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D Maiter
D Maiter
Department of Endocrinology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc – UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
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E Nowak
E Nowak
Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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R Pivonello
R Pivonello
Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, Naples, Italy
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O Ragnarsson
O Ragnarsson
Sahlgrenska Academy, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicine (O.R.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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R V Steenaard
R V Steenaard
Department of Internal Medicine, Máxima MC, Veldhoven, Netherlands
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N Unger
N Unger
University Hospital Essen, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Essen, Germany
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A van de Ven
A van de Ven
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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S M Webb
S M Webb
Department of Endocrinology, Fundacio de Gestio Sanitaria Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IR-SantPau and CIBERER Unit 747 (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
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D Yeste
D Yeste
Pediatric Endocrinology Service, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. CIBER Enfermedades Raras, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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S F Ahmed
S F Ahmed
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
University of Glasgow, Office for Rare Conditions, Glasgow, UK
University of Glasgow, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
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University of Glasgow, Office for Rare Conditions, Glasgow, UK
University of Glasgow, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
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A M Pereira
A M Pereira
Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
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) (3–80) Female: n (%) 105 (74.4%) 54 (78.2%) 6 (50%) 165 (74.3%) СSI: mean ± s.d . 5.77 ± 2.88 4.81 ± 2.72 8.5 ± 2.87 5.6 ± 2.9 Number of comorbidities: mean ± s.d . 1.9 ± 1.58 1.97 ± 1.39 2.17 ± 1.7 1
Marta Fichna
Marta Fichna
Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Piotr P Małecki
Piotr P Małecki
Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Magdalena Żurawek
Magdalena Żurawek
Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Katarzyna Furman
Katarzyna Furman
Ludwik Perzyna Regional Hospital, Kalisz, Poland
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Bolesław Gębarski
Bolesław Gębarski
Regional Outpatient Medical Centre, Katowice, Poland
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Piotr Fichna
Piotr Fichna
Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Obesity, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Marek Ruchała
Marek Ruchała
Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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-specific antigens in first-degree relatives of patients suffering from autoimmune AD. Patients and methods In this study, relatives of 78 individuals with autoimmune AD were evaluated. The original patients’ cohort comprised 56 affected females and 22 males
Tomaž Kocjan
Tomaž Kocjan
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Gaj Vidmar
Gaj Vidmar
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
University Rehabilitation Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
FAMNIT, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
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University Rehabilitation Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
FAMNIT, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
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Peter Popović
Peter Popović
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Clinical Institute of Radiology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Clinical Institute of Radiology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Milenko Stanković
Milenko Stanković
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Clinical Institute of Radiology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Clinical Institute of Radiology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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. Finally, the inclusion criteria were met in 144 patients, 40 females and 104 males, aged 54 years on average (range 32–72 years); 59 with LPA (41%; 29 right; 30 left) and 85 with BPA (59%). More than half of them had a unilateral abnormality (76 patients
Margret J Einarsdottir
Margret J Einarsdottir
Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Penelope Trimpou
Penelope Trimpou
Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Gudmundur Johannsson
Gudmundur Johannsson
Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Oskar Ragnarsson
Oskar Ragnarsson
Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Objective
It is unknown whether glucocorticoid (GC)-induced adrenal insufficiency may cause premature mortality in GC users. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to investigate if undiagnosed and undertreated GC-induced adrenal insufficiency is a contributor to premature death in GC users.
Methods
Information on dispensed prescriptions in West Sweden from 2007 to 2014 was obtained from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register. Cause of death was collected from the Swedish Cause of Death Register. Of 223,211 patients who received oral GC prescriptions, 665 died from sepsis within 6 months of their last prescription. Three hundred of these patients who had died in hospital were randomly selected for further investigation. Medical records were initially reviewed by one investigator. Furthermore, two additional investigators reviewed the medical records of patients whose deaths were suspected to be caused by GC-induced adrenal insufficiency.
Results
Of 300 patients (121 females, 40%), 212 (75%) were prescribed GC treatment at admission. The mean age was 76 ± 11 years (range 30–99). Undiagnosed or undertreated GC-induced adrenal insufficiency was considered a probable contributor to death by at least two investigators in 11 (3.7%) patients. In five of these 11 cases, long-term GC therapy was abruptly discontinued during hospitalization. Undiagnosed or undertreated GC-induced adrenal insufficiency was considered a possible contributing factor to death in a further 36 (12%) patients.
Conclusion
GC-induced adrenal insufficiency is an important contributor to premature death in GC users. Awareness of the disorder during intercurrent illness and following cessation of GC treatment is essential.
Sofia Maria Lider Burciulescu
Sofia Maria Lider Burciulescu
University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
National Institute of Endocrinology CI Parhon, Bucharest, Romania
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National Institute of Endocrinology CI Parhon, Bucharest, Romania
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Monica Livia Gheorghiu
Monica Livia Gheorghiu
University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
National Institute of Endocrinology CI Parhon, Bucharest, Romania
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National Institute of Endocrinology CI Parhon, Bucharest, Romania
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Andrei Muresan
Andrei Muresan
National Institute of Endocrinology CI Parhon, Bucharest, Romania
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Iuliana Gherlan
Iuliana Gherlan
University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
National Institute of Endocrinology CI Parhon, Bucharest, Romania
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National Institute of Endocrinology CI Parhon, Bucharest, Romania
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Attila Patocs
Attila Patocs
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Genetics, Clinical Genetics and Endocrinology Laboratory, Semmelweis University National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
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Corin Badiu
Corin Badiu
University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
National Institute of Endocrinology CI Parhon, Bucharest, Romania
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National Institute of Endocrinology CI Parhon, Bucharest, Romania
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time/metachronous Disease (yrs) Outcomes 1 14, female VHL c.245G>T, p.Arg82Leu S. Hemangioblastomas Bg NA 30/1524 O+L (CSS, then unilateral T for recurrence) No 38 R 7 (post CSS) R 24 (post T) Exitus 2 14
Magdalena Lech
Magdalena Lech
Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
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Ruvini Ranasinghe
Ruvini Ranasinghe
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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Royce P Vincent
Royce P Vincent
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
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Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
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David R Taylor
David R Taylor
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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Lea Ghataore
Lea Ghataore
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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James Luxton
James Luxton
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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Fannie Lajeunesse-Trempe
Fannie Lajeunesse-Trempe
Department of Endocrinology ASO/EASO COM, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
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Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
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Pia Roser
Pia Roser
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Eftychia E Drakou
Eftychia E Drakou
Department of Clinical Oncology, Guy's Cancer Centre - Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
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Ling Ling Chuah
Ling Ling Chuah
Department of Endocrinology ASO/EASO COM, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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Ashley B Grossman
Ashley B Grossman
Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Barts and the London School of Medicine, Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Institute, London, UK
Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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Barts and the London School of Medicine, Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Institute, London, UK
Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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Simon J B Aylwin
Simon J B Aylwin
Department of Endocrinology ASO/EASO COM, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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Georgios K Dimitriadis
Georgios K Dimitriadis
Department of Endocrinology ASO/EASO COM, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes and Immunometabolism Research Group, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
Division of Reproductive Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes and Immunometabolism Research Group, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
Division of Reproductive Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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decades of life and occurring more commonly in females, there are some genetic predispositions to ACC, including Li–Fraumeni, Beckwith–Wiedemann, and Lynch syndromes ( 2 ). Around 50–60% of patients with ACC present with clinical features of steroid
