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), while an increase in insulin sensitivity has been observed ( 17 ). Improved hepatic leptin signaling and leptin sensitivity have also been suggested to contribute to the effects by FGF21, as the leptin receptor ( Lepr ) expression was highly induced in
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Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (SDCA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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release and thereby disinhibit GH release ( 11 ), but the mechanisms whereby arginine stimulates copeptin and AVP secretion remain unclear. Hypoglycemia also stimulates GH and copeptin secretion, and the insulin tolerance test (ITT) is used in the
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Introduction In the past 40 years, a dramatic increase in the overweight and obese population has been seen globally. The potential adverse effects of obesity include insulin resistance and possible insufficient insulin secretion due to the
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Introduction Type 2 diabetes arises when the endocrine pancreas fails to secrete sufficient insulin to cope with the metabolic demand because of acquired insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction ( 1 ). Inhibition of insulin synthesis plays an
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Introduction Type 2 diabetes is typically characterized by insulin resistance and failure of the pancreatic beta cells to compensate for this abnormality ( 1 ). Exercise training is essential in diabetes management ( 2 ), and the beneficial
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Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by oligo/anovulation, hyperandrogenaemia and polycystic ovaries ( 1 , 2 ). Hyperinsulinaemia as a consequence of insulin resistance is present in most patients with PCOS ( 1
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was considered to be the main etiology of T1DM ( 5 , 6 ), whereas T2DM tended to be insulin resistant and islet autoimmunity seemed not to be involved in this progress ( 7 ). Besides, there was a special form of diabetes termed as latent autoimmune
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Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Division of Metabolic Diseases and Auxology, Piancavallo (VB), Italy
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Introduction The prevalence of childhood type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is rapidly increasing worldwide ( 1 ). T2DM is characterized by visceral obesity, insulin resistance and defective β-cell function. In children and adolescents, glucose
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Introduction During pregnancy, the increased energy demand for fetal growth leads to a higher glucose metabolic ratio ( 1 ). As a physiological adaptation, insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells is increased, along with a compensatory
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Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
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Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) account for a substantial part of the insulin secreted after ingestion of glucose ( 4 , 5 , 6 ). It has been shown that the incretin effect is impaired in type 2 diabetes and obesity ( 5 , 7 , 8 ). Also, the secretion of both