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Helle Keinicke Insulin and Device Trial Operations, Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark

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Gao Sun Pharmacology and Histopathology, Novo Nordisk A/S, China

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Caroline M Junker Mentzel Department of Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark

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Merete Fredholm Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark

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Linu Mary John Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark

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Birgitte Andersen Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark

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Kirsten Raun Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark

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Marina Kjaergaard Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark

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), while an increase in insulin sensitivity has been observed ( 17 ). Improved hepatic leptin signaling and leptin sensitivity have also been suggested to contribute to the effects by FGF21, as the leptin receptor ( Lepr ) expression was highly induced in

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Jelena Stankovic Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Kurt Kristensen Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (SDCA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Niels Birkebæk Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Esben Søndergaard Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (SDCA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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release and thereby disinhibit GH release ( 11 ), but the mechanisms whereby arginine stimulates copeptin and AVP secretion remain unclear. Hypoglycemia also stimulates GH and copeptin secretion, and the insulin tolerance test (ITT) is used in the

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Li Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China

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Qifa Song Department of Microbiology, Ningbo Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China

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Xi Yang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China

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Introduction In the past 40 years, a dramatic increase in the overweight and obese population has been seen globally. The potential adverse effects of obesity include insulin resistance and possible insufficient insulin secretion due to the

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Xuhua Mao Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yixing People’s Hospital, Yixing, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China

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Hucheng Chen Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Junmin Tang Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yixing People’s Hospital, Yixing, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China

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Liangliang Wang Department of Neurology, Yixing People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Yixing, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China

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Tingting Shu Department of Central Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Official Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Introduction Type 2 diabetes arises when the endocrine pancreas fails to secrete sufficient insulin to cope with the metabolic demand because of acquired insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction ( 1 ). Inhibition of insulin synthesis plays an

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Maria Houborg Petersen Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Jacob Volmer Stidsen Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Martin Eisemann de Almeida Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Emil Kleis Wentorf Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Kurt Jensen Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Niels Ørtenblad Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Kurt Højlund Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Introduction Type 2 diabetes is typically characterized by insulin resistance and failure of the pancreatic beta cells to compensate for this abnormality ( 1 ). Exercise training is essential in diabetes management ( 2 ), and the beneficial

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Dorte Glintborg Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark

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Hanne Mumm Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark

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Jens Juul Holst Department of Biomedical Sciences and NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Marianne Andersen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark

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Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by oligo/anovulation, hyperandrogenaemia and polycystic ovaries ( 1 , 2 ). Hyperinsulinaemia as a consequence of insulin resistance is present in most patients with PCOS ( 1

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Xiangyu Gao Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Wanwan Sun Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yi Wang Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yawen Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Rumei Li Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Jinya Huang Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yehong Yang Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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was considered to be the main etiology of T1DM ( 5 , 6 ), whereas T2DM tended to be insulin resistant and islet autoimmunity seemed not to be involved in this progress ( 7 ). Besides, there was a special form of diabetes termed as latent autoimmune

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Giorgio Bedogni Liver Research Center, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy

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Andrea Mari Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padova, Italy

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Alessandra De Col Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, Piancavallo (VB), Italy

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Sofia Tamini Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, Piancavallo (VB), Italy

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Amalia Gastaldelli Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy

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Alessandro Sartorio Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, Piancavallo (VB), Italy
Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Division of Metabolic Diseases and Auxology, Piancavallo (VB), Italy

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Introduction The prevalence of childhood type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is rapidly increasing worldwide ( 1 ). T2DM is characterized by visceral obesity, insulin resistance and defective β-cell function. In children and adolescents, glucose

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Ping Gu Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Yuege Lin Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Qi Wan Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Dongming Su Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Qun Shu Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Introduction During pregnancy, the increased energy demand for fetal growth leads to a higher glucose metabolic ratio ( 1 ). As a physiological adaptation, insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells is increased, along with a compensatory

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Kim K B Clemmensen Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark

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Jonas S Quist Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark

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Dorte Vistisen Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark

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Daniel R Witte Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark

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Anna Jonsson NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Oluf Pedersen NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Torben Hansen NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens J Holst NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Torsten Lauritzen Section for General Practice, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Marit E Jørgensen Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Signe Torekov NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Kristine Færch Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark

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-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) account for a substantial part of the insulin secreted after ingestion of glucose ( 4 , 5 , 6 ). It has been shown that the incretin effect is impaired in type 2 diabetes and obesity ( 5 , 7 , 8 ). Also, the secretion of both

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