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(TG) level, increased insulin resistance (IR) and a higher fasting plasma glucose ( 5 ). Patients with T2DM may exhibit evidence of subclinical hypercortisolism such as higher 24-h urine-free cortisol levels, higher plasma cortisol levels after
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Introduction Insulin resistance related to glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity is a well-described phenomenon ( 1 , 2 ). It is also known that in insulin-resistant patients other hormonal resistance may occur (e.g. resistance to leptin and FSH ( 3
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). Additional prospective data revealed that exclusive breastfeeding for at least 6 months presented increased insulin sensitivity as assessed by HOMA-IR index 3 years after delivery rather than increased pancreatic β-cell function as indicated by in vivo
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Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Introduction Diabetes mellitus due to insulin resistance is among the most prevalent endocrine disorders. It is commonly associated with obesity and lifestyle factors but may also occur in a very rare and severe form in patients with defects
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Background Insulin resistance (IR) is the insensitivity to insulin in insulin-dependent organs and tissues ( 1 ). The clinical manifestation of IR is the failure to respond to increase in blood sugar, which is associated with metabolic
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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improve growth-related outcomes. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis includes several signal and binding proteins, many of which are under the regulation of growth hormone. IGF-I is the primary regulator of fetal growth, and its circulating
Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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and decreased insulin biosynthesis and secretion) ( 1 , 2 ). Of these factors, ER and oxidative stress are well known to affect receptor‐signal transduction, gene expression, and ion channel transport and induce cell apoptosis and death ( 3 ). The
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Introduction The growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I axis is the principle endocrine system regulating linear growth in children ( 1 ). Linked to the nutritional status of the individual, GH is a potent stimulator of IGF
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crucial to mitigate associated disabilities and fatalities ( 5 ). Insulin resistance (IR) is a central factor in cardiovascular diseases ( 6 ). In hypertensive patients, IR not only exacerbates hypertension but also contributes to hypertension
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Background Insulin resistance (IR) is a systemic disorder of glucose metabolism that results in changes in multiple organs and insulin regulatory pathways ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). The clinical significance of IR has become clear over the past few