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Karim Gariani Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland

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Pedro Marques-Vidal Departments of Medicine and Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland

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Gérard Waeber Departments of Medicine and Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland

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Peter Vollenweider Departments of Medicine and Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland

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François R Jornayvaz Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland

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(TG) level, increased insulin resistance (IR) and a higher fasting plasma glucose ( 5 ). Patients with T2DM may exhibit evidence of subclinical hypercortisolism such as higher 24-h urine-free cortisol levels, higher plasma cortisol levels after

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Melinda Kertész Department of Medicine and Nephrology-Diabetes Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Baranya, Hungary

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Szilárd Kun Department of Medicine and Nephrology-Diabetes Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Baranya, Hungary

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Eszter Sélley Department of Medicine and Nephrology-Diabetes Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Baranya, Hungary

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Zsuzsanna Nagy Department of Medicine and Nephrology-Diabetes Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Baranya, Hungary

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Tamás Kőszegi Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Baranya, Hungary

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István Wittmann Department of Medicine and Nephrology-Diabetes Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Baranya, Hungary

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Introduction Insulin resistance related to glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity is a well-described phenomenon ( 1 , 2 ). It is also known that in insulin-resistant patients other hormonal resistance may occur (e.g. resistance to leptin and FSH ( 3

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Julia Modesto Vicente Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

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Junia Carolina Santos-Silva Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

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Caio Jordão Teixeira Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

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Dailson Nogueira de Souza Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

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Jean Franciesco Vettorazzi Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

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Fabiola Sales Furtuoso Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

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Isabel Gouveia Adabo Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

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Fabio Takeo Sato Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

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Marco Aurélio Ramirez Vinolo Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

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Everardo Magalhães Carneiro Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

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Silvana Bordin Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Gabriel Forato Anhê Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

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). Additional prospective data revealed that exclusive breastfeeding for at least 6 months presented increased insulin sensitivity as assessed by HOMA-IR index 3 years after delivery rather than increased pancreatic β-cell function as indicated by in vivo

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Clemens Kamrath Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany

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Alexander Eckert German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany

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Birgit Rami-Merhar Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Sebastian Kummer Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany

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Martin Wabitsch Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany

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Katharina Laubner Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany

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Florian Kopp Forth Clinical Department of Medicine, Academic Teaching Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany

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Silvia Müther Center for Pediatric Diabetology, DRK-Kliniken-Berlin Westend, Berlin, Germany

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Steffen Mühldorfer Department for Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Bayreuth University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bayreuth, Germany

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Reinhard W Holl German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany

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Introduction Diabetes mellitus due to insulin resistance is among the most prevalent endocrine disorders. It is commonly associated with obesity and lifestyle factors but may also occur in a very rare and severe form in patients with defects

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Rongpeng Gong Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China

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Gang Luo College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China

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Mingxiang Wang Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China

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Lingbo Ma Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China

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Shengnan Sun Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China

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Xiaoxing Wei Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China

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Background Insulin resistance (IR) is the insensitivity to insulin in insulin-dependent organs and tissues ( 1 ). The clinical manifestation of IR is the failure to respond to increase in blood sugar, which is associated with metabolic

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Monika Bilic Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

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Huma Qamar Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

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Akpevwe Onoyovwi Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada

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Jill Korsiak Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada

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Eszter Papp Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada

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Abdullah Al Mahmud Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh

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Rosanna Weksberg Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

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Alison D Gernand Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA

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Jennifer Harrington Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada

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Daniel E Roth Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

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improve growth-related outcomes. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis includes several signal and binding proteins, many of which are under the regulation of growth hormone. IGF-I is the primary regulator of fetal growth, and its circulating

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Chenmin Wei Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Zichen Zhang Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Qi Fu Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Yunqiang He Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Tao Yang Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Min Sun Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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and decreased insulin biosynthesis and secretion) ( 1 , 2 ). Of these factors, ER and oxidative stress are well known to affect receptor‐signal transduction, gene expression, and ion channel transport and induce cell apoptosis and death ( 3 ). The

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Werner F Blum University Children’s Hospital, Giessen, Germany

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Abdullah Alherbish Al Habib Medical Group, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Afaf Alsagheir King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Ahmed El Awwa Department of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Hamad Medical Center, Doha, Qatar

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Walid Kaplan Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, UAE

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Ekaterina Koledova Global Medical Affairs Endocrinology, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany

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Martin O Savage William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, London, UK

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Introduction The growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I axis is the principle endocrine system regulating linear growth in children ( 1 ). Linked to the nutritional status of the individual, GH is a potent stimulator of IGF

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Yumei Zhai The Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, P.R. China

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Haiming Fu Department of Clinical Laboratory, Baotou Maternal and Child Health Center, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, P.R. China

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Yu Li The Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, P.R. China

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Siyuan Li The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, P.R. China

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Wenchen Zhang The Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, P.R. China

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Jianwei Yue The Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, P.R. China

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Zichao Wang The Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, P.R. China

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crucial to mitigate associated disabilities and fatalities ( 5 ). Insulin resistance (IR) is a central factor in cardiovascular diseases ( 6 ). In hypertensive patients, IR not only exacerbates hypertension but also contributes to hypertension

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Rongpeng Gong Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China

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Yuanyuan Liu Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China

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Gang Luo Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China

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Jiahui Yin College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China

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Zuomiao Xiao Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou, China

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Tianyang Hu Precision Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Background Insulin resistance (IR) is a systemic disorder of glucose metabolism that results in changes in multiple organs and insulin regulatory pathways ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). The clinical significance of IR has become clear over the past few

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