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( n = 552,913) Height 154.6 ± 7.7 158.8 ± 7.4 163.2 ± 7.1 165.2 ± 7.7 169.7 ± 8.2 <0.001 Male (cm) 160.0 ± 3.6 164.9 ± 2.6 1680.0 ± 2.4 171.1 ± 2.5 175.9 ± 3.7 <0.001 Female (cm) 146.2 ± 3.6 151
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their offspring's reproductive development and function and cause genetic defects ( 2 ). In humans, female exposure to stressful life events (SLE) during early gestation (18 weeks of gestation) is associated with reduced reproductive function in male
Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, de Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, de Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, de Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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), late-onset sepsis (LOS), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and more often require invasive respiratory support ( 2 , 4 , 5 ), than females. In childhood, male preterm infants had a greater odds of (major and minor
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
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German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
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Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Institute of Health Services Research and Health Economics, Center for Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
Institute of Health Services Research and Health Economics, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Centre for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy II, University Hospital Ulm, Um, Germany
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German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
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) were excluded. Cases with unknown sex (overall less than 0.02% of all inpatient cases: n = 285 in 2015; n = 175 in 2016; n = 1073 in 2017; n = 2790 in 2018; n = 0 in 2019; n = 0 in 2020) were assigned to the female cases since it was the
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Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, Pediatrics Department, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, 01221-020 São Paulo, Brazil
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Introduction Graves' disease (GD) accounts for 10–15% of all childhood thyroid abnormalities and is rare in those under age 5 years – its incidence peaks between age 11 and 15 years, predominantly affecting females (1, 2) . There is
Departament de Cirurgia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Departament de Cirurgia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Departament de Cirurgia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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, female gender, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, smoking and previous stroke were associated with BGC; a low BMI and older age were identified as the most powerful predicting risk factors ( 13 ). It has been reported that alteration in calcium
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older age ( 2 ). The recommendations for Ca intake vary by country, and the optimal amount of Ca intake to maintain skeletal growth remains unclear ( 3 ). The Ca recommended dietary allowances for US adolescent males and females aged 9 to 18 years is 1
Department Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Department Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Department Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Department Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
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Department Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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statistical software package R ( 22 ) and GraphPad Prism7. Results Baseline characteristics In Table 1 , baseline characteristics of both cohorts are provided. Of the total of 146 patients, 92 (63%) were female and the median age in the
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was an observational study with consecutive enrollment. Females with newly diagnosed overt autoimmune hypo- or hyperthyroidism (Hashimoto’s disease or Graves’ disease, respectively) were included. Inclusion criteria for hypothyroid group consisted of
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Department of Paediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Endocrine Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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can present with absent puberty in females, male hypogonadism in the context of absent puberty is almost invariably secondary (CHH) ( 1 ). Although sharing a common clinical presentation and biochemistry with CDP, most CHH cases should be