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Enrique Pedernera Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Embriología y Genética, Ciudad de México, México

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Flavia Morales-Vásquez Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México

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María J Gómora Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Embriología y Genética, Ciudad de México, México

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Miguel A Almaraz Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Embriología y Genética, Ciudad de México, México

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Esteban Mena Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Secretaría General, Ciudad de México, México
Universidad La Salle, Posgrado de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad de México, México

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Delia Pérez-Montiel Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México

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Elizabeth Rendon Hospital Militar de Especialidades de la Mujer y Neonatología. Ciudad de México, México

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Horacio López-Basave Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México

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Juan Maldonado-Cubas Universidad La Salle, Posgrado de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad de México, México

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Carmen Méndez Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Embriología y Genética, Ciudad de México, México

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:100 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology); antibody against aromatase (GTX32456), rabbit polyclonal diluted 1:200 (GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA); and antibody against HSD17β1, rabbit polyclonal diluted 1:200 (GeneTex). The secondary antibody used was Mach2 anti-rabbit HRP

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Supitcha Patjamontri Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

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Alexander Spiers MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Rachel B Smith MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK
National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
Mohn Centre for Children’s Health and Wellbeing, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Chen Shen MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Jo Adaway Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Brian G Keevil Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Mireille B Toledano MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK
National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
Mohn Centre for Children’s Health and Wellbeing, Imperial College London, London, UK

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S Faisal Ahmed Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK

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months by the same participant, only the first completed was used for analysis ( Fig. 1 ). The questionnaire asked participants to self-report secondary sexual characteristic development from 1 (development not started) to 4 (development completed). Scale

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Fernanda A Correa Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Ericka B Trarbach Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Cintia Tusset Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Ana Claudia Latronico Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Luciana R Montenegro Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Luciani R Carvalho Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Marcela M Franca Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Aline P Otto Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Everlayny F Costalonga Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Vinicius N Brito Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Ana Paula Abreu Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Mirian Y Nishi Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Alexander A L Jorge Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Ivo J P Arnhold Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Yisrael Sidis Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Nelly Pitteloud Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Berenice B Mendonca Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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tyrosine kinase receptor, is expressed in Rathke's pouch and ventral diencephalon in the developing human embryo (5) . PROKR2 is a G protein-coupled receptor essential for normal olfactory bulb development and sexual maturation in mice (6) , and it is

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Sakina Kherra CHU Parnet Hopital, Algiers, Algeria

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Wendy Forsyth Paterson Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Yorkhill, Glasgow, UK

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Filiz Mine Cizmecioglu Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Department, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey

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Jeremy Huw Jones Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children Glasgow, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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Mariam Kourime Abderrahim Harouchi Hôpital, Casablanca, Morocco

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Heba Hassan Elsedfy Pediatrics Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

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Sameh Tawfik Department of Pediatrics, Maadi Hospital, Cairo, Egypt

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Andreas Kyriakou Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children Glasgow, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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Mohamad Guftar Shaikh Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children Glasgow, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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Malcolm David Cairns Donaldson Section of Child Health, Glasgow University School of Medicine, Glasgow, UK

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Y Oto Y Itabashi H Shiraishi M Yoshino A Tanaka Y Obata K Murakami N et al . Testosterone replacement therapy to improve secondary sexual characteristics and body composition without adverse behavioral problems in adult male patients

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M Guftar Shaikh Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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Timothy G Barrett Department of Endocrinology, Birmingham Womens and Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Nicola Bridges Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK

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Robin Chung Research Working Group, Prader-Willi Syndrome Association, Northampton, UK

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Evelien F Gevers Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Barts Health NHS Trust, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Anthony P Goldstone PsychoNeuroEndocrinologyResearch Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK

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Anthony Holland Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Shankar Kanumakala Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, Brighton, UK

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Ruth Krone Department of Endocrinology, Birmingham Womens and Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK

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Andreas Kyriakou Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Makarios Children's Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus

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E Anne Livesey Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, Brighton, UK
Sussex Community NHS Trust, Brighton, UK

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Angela K Lucas-Herald Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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Christina Meade CHI at Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland

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Susan Passmore Prader-Willi Syndrome Association, Northampton, UK

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Edna Roche CHI at Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
The University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland

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Chris Smith Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, Brighton, UK

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Sarita Soni Learning Disability Psychiatry, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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spermatogonia have been described ( 132 ), and this, in combination with the high rates of undescended testes and hypogonadism, is likely to contribute to this sub-fertility. Young people with PWS have relationships that may include sexual activity, and advice

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André Marques-Pinto Serviço de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal

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Davide Carvalho Serviço de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
Serviço de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal

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axis is active in utero and during the first year of life (185) . Afterwards, gonadotropin secretion is reduced until puberty, when sequential endocrine changes set in motion the development of secondary sexual characteristics that will lead to

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Angelica Lindén Hirschberg Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.

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overrepresentation of women with these types of endocrine characteristics in elite sports. Essential hyperandrogenism is one example of the latter that has received much attention in recent years. The present overview describes our current state of knowledge about

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Kevin C J Yuen Departments of Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine and Creighton School of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, United States

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Gudmundur Johannsson Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Ken K Y Ho The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

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Bradley S Miller Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Minnesota Medical School, M Health Fairview Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States

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Ignacio Bergada Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Alan D Rogol Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States

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  Blast injury  Infiltrative/granulomatous disease   Langerhans cell histiocytosis   Autoimmune hypophysitis (primary, secondary)   Sarcoidosis   Tuberculosis   Wegener’s granulomatosis   Amyloidosis

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Angelica Amorim Amato Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA

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Hailey Brit Wheeler Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA

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Bruce Blumberg Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA

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and secondary sexual characteristics during puberty . International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 2015 218 603 – 615 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.06.004 ) 134 Golden R Gandy J Vollmer G A review of the endocrine

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Annelies van’t Westeinde Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Leif Karlsson Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Valeria Messina Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Lena Wallensteen Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Manuela Brösamle European Patient Advocacy Group for Adrenal Diseases, European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions (Endo ERN), Endo ERN Coordinating Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Giorgio Dal Maso ArfSAG (Associazione Refionale Famiglie Sindrome Adreno Genitale) c/o Unita Operativa di Pediatria, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico S Orsala-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy

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Alessandro Lazzerini Spanish Association of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), Spain

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Jette Kristensen ePAG & Chair of Danish Addison Patient Association, Aarhus, Denmark

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Diana Kwast Dutch Adrenal Society NVACP, Nijkerk, The Netherlands

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Lea Tschaidse Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Matthias K Auer Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Hanna F Nowotny Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Luca Persani Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Nicole Reisch Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Svetlana Lajic Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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related to sexual function may not be avoided and are frequently reported ( 15 ), even if surgery is performed at a later age ( 18 , 19 , 20 ). Alternatively, patients and parents may opt out of surgery. There is some indication that GC treatment alone

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