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growth (CG-IUGR) is much higher than that in normal people ( 10 , 11 ). Insulin resistance has been considered as an early manifestation as well as a crucial mechanism for metabolic disturbance in later life of individuals with CG-IUGR ( 12 , 13 , 14
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the formation of glycosylation end products (AGEs) collectively contribute to hypercoagulation in T2D ( 2 ). Insulin resistance, also termed 'reduced insulin sensitivity', is of central importance in the pathogenesis and progression of T2D and
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central obesity (based on the waist circumference), dyslipidemia (decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or hypertriglyceridemia), hypertension, impaired fasting glucose, and insulin resistance ( 5 ). MS diagnosis involves the presence
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to form a characteristic feature known as a crown-like structure (CLS) ( 8 ). M1 macrophages in adipose tissue are considered instigators of insulin resistance due to the secretion of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNFα ( 9 ). Chronic
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Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenism ( 1 ). It is often accompanied by insulin resistance ( 2 ) and abnormal lipid profile ( 3 , 4 ). Several studies have shown that
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(1) . Vitamin D receptors are recognized to be present in numerous extra-skeletal tissues, including pancreas and muscle (2) . Vitamin D has been reported to influence not only insulin sensitivity/resistance (IS/IR) but also insulin secretion (3, 4
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Introduction Obesity predisposes to the development of type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, several types of cancer and other disorders. Insulin resistance is a major pathophysiological link between obesity and its
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Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Duesseldorf, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
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methods are NAFLD Activity Score (NAS) and Steatosis, Activity, and Fibrosis (SAF) score ( 3 ). Importantly, patients with obesity who develop NAFLD are also more prone to develop other metabolic consequences of obesity such as insulin resistance (IR
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
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Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
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Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
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Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
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Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
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Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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hypogonadism, it is associated with the development of obesity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and increased cardiovascular disease risk ( 1 , 2 ). The metabolic syndrome is present in >50% of men receiving long-term ADT compared to 20% of matched
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considered potential causes ( 6 ). However, increasing evidence ( 7 ) shows that insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia play an important role in the pathogenesis of PCOS. The progression of insulin resistance as well as the regulation of