Xinyuan Zhang
Xinyuan Zhang
Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Suiyan Li
Suiyan Li
School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Hongwei Liu
Hongwei Liu
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Huai Bai
Huai Bai
Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Qingqing Liu
Qingqing Liu
Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Chunyi Yang
Chunyi Yang
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Ping Fan
Ping Fan
Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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hyperandrogenism, oligo-ovulation or anovulation, which result in irregular menstrual cycles, and/or polycystic ovarian morphology. It is often associated with various cardiometabolic and psychological abnormalities, including overweight or obesity, insulin
Małgorzata Kałużna
Małgorzata Kałużna
Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Pola Kompf
Pola Kompf
Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Katarzyna Wachowiak-Ochmańska
Katarzyna Wachowiak-Ochmańska
Heliodor Święcicki Clinical Hospital, Poznan, Poland
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Jerzy Moczko
Jerzy Moczko
Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Aleksandra Królczyk
Aleksandra Królczyk
Chair and Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Adam Janicki
Adam Janicki
Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Karol Szapel
Karol Szapel
Department of Physiotherapy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Marian Grzymisławski
Marian Grzymisławski
Chair and Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Marek Ruchała
Marek Ruchała
Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Katarzyna Ziemnicka
Katarzyna Ziemnicka
Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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ovaries on ultrasound ( 1 , 2 ). It affects 4–21% of women worldwide depending on the region and nationality studied and the diagnostic criteria used ( 3 , 4 ). PCOS is associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance (IR), hyperinsulinemia, type
Hong Tang
Hong Tang
Departments of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Seventh People’s Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Xiaomei Jiang
Xiaomei Jiang
Departments of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Seventh People’s Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Yu Hua
Yu Hua
Departments of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Seventh People’s Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Heyue Li
Heyue Li
Departments of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Seventh People’s Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Chunlan Zhu
Chunlan Zhu
Departments of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Seventh People’s Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Xiaobai Hao
Xiaobai Hao
Departments of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Seventh People’s Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Minhui Yi
Minhui Yi
Departments of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Seventh People’s Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Linxia Li
Linxia Li
Departments of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Seventh People’s Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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PCOS remains controversial. Recently, more and more studies have suggested that functional ovarian hyperandrogenemia is the main inducement of PCOS ( 3 ), which is exacerbated by insulin-resistant hyperinsulinemia ( 4 , 5 ). Insulin
Xiuhua Liao
Xiuhua Liao
Center of Reproductive Medicine, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
Fujian Maternal-Fetal Clinical Medicine Research Center, Fuzhou, China
Fujian Key Laboratory of Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China
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Fujian Maternal-Fetal Clinical Medicine Research Center, Fuzhou, China
Fujian Key Laboratory of Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China
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Suqin Zhu
Suqin Zhu
Center of Reproductive Medicine, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Shumin Qiu
Shumin Qiu
Center of Reproductive Medicine, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Hua Cao
Hua Cao
Center of Reproductive Medicine, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Wenwen Jiang
Wenwen Jiang
Center of Reproductive Medicine, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Huiling Xu
Huiling Xu
Center of Reproductive Medicine, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Yan Sun
Yan Sun
Center of Reproductive Medicine, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Beihong Zheng
Beihong Zheng
Center of Reproductive Medicine, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
Fujian Maternal-Fetal Clinical Medicine Research Center, Fuzhou, China
Fujian Key Laboratory of Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China
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Fujian Maternal-Fetal Clinical Medicine Research Center, Fuzhou, China
Fujian Key Laboratory of Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China
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, including abnormal follicular development, insulin resistance, and excess androgen production ( 2 ). Among these changes, abnormal follicular development and insulin resistance are more commonly observed. However, the pathogenesis and molecular regulatory
Panagiotis Anagnostis
Panagiotis Anagnostis
Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Irene Lambrinoudaki
Irene Lambrinoudaki
2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
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John C Stevenson
John C Stevenson
National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Dimitrios G Goulis
Dimitrios G Goulis
Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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nucleus of the hypothalamus, which regulates adipose tissue distribution, constitutes another mechanism ( 12 ). These changes in adipose tissue may lead to increased insulin resistance (up to 50%) in postmenopausal compared with premenopausal women ( 13
Amar Osmancevic
Amar Osmancevic
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Kristin Ottarsdottir
Kristin Ottarsdottir
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Margareta Hellgren
Margareta Hellgren
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ulf Lindblad
Ulf Lindblad
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Bledar Daka
Bledar Daka
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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well as SHBG, independent of obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome ( 24 ). However, the association between CRP and testosterone declined significantly when adjusted for visceral obesity. Similar to their findings, we observed a
Shiori Minabe
Shiori Minabe
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
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Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
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Kinuyo Iwata
Kinuyo Iwata
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Youki Watanabe
Youki Watanabe
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Hirotaka Ishii
Hirotaka Ishii
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Hitoshi Ozawa
Hitoshi Ozawa
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
Faculty of Health Science, Bukkyo University, Kyoto, Japan
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Faculty of Health Science, Bukkyo University, Kyoto, Japan
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origins of health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis, has been linked to the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, such as cardiovascular functions ( 2 ), kidney functions ( 3 ), metabolic syndrome ( 4 ), and insulin resistance ( 5 ), and obstetrics and
Signe Kirkegaard
Signe Kirkegaard
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Nanna Maria Uldall Torp
Nanna Maria Uldall Torp
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Stig Andersen
Stig Andersen
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Geriatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Department of Geriatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Stine Linding Andersen
Stine Linding Andersen
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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, the remaining peripheral tissue has been found to be insulin-resistant, thus inducing obesity in most PCOS patients. From the pathogenesis it appears that PCOS is a heterogeneous disorder associated with metabolic manifestations, and a link toward
Ewa Stogowska
Ewa Stogowska
Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Karol Adam Kamiński
Karol Adam Kamiński
Department of Population Medicine and Civilization Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Bartosz Ziółko
Bartosz Ziółko
Techmo, Kraków, Poland
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Irina Kowalska
Irina Kowalska
Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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observed symptom is muscle weakness, which possibly can impair the function of laryngeal muscles, affecting the voice parameters. Type 2 diabetes mellitus DM, as a state of chronic hyperglycaemia, appears as a consequence of insulin resistance of
Lukas Ochsner Ridder
Lukas Ochsner Ridder
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Agnethe Berglund
Agnethe Berglund
Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Clinical Genetics and Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Genetics and Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Kirstine Stochholm
Kirstine Stochholm
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Simon Chang
Simon Chang
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Unit for Thrombosis Research, Hospital of South West Jutland and University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
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Unit for Thrombosis Research, Hospital of South West Jutland and University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
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Claus H Gravholt
Claus H Gravholt
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Unit for Thrombosis Research, Hospital of South West Jutland and University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
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Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Unit for Thrombosis Research, Hospital of South West Jutland and University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
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. found an inverse relationship between the Leydig-specific marker insulin-like 3 peptide (INSL3) and sclerostin, a protein involved in bone catabolism. INSL3, which has an anabolic effect on bone, is reduced in KS patients and is associated with reduced
