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Svjatoslavs Kistkins Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Othmar Moser Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Institute of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany

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Vitālijs Ankudovičs Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Dmitrijs Blizņuks Institute of Smart Computing Technologies, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia

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Timurs Mihailovs Institute of Smart Computing Technologies, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia

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Sergejs Lobanovs Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Harald Sourij Trials Unit for Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetolgoy, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Andreas F H Pfeiffer Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Hindenburgdamm, Berlin, Germany

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Valdis Pīrāgs Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia

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complications such as cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and certain types of cancer ( 6 ). From a pathophysiological point of view, an excessive white adipose tissue mass is linked to increased insulin resistance, aggravating age-dependent risk of T2D and

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Anouar Aznou Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Rick Meijer Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Daniel van Raalte Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Martin den Heijer Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Annemieke Heijboer Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Renate de Jongh Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Introduction The exact mechanisms underlying the development of peripheral insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), are complex and not yet fully understood. Many metabolic and endocrine factors are involved in the

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Xue-Lian Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Xinyi Zhao Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China

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Yong Wu Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

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Wen-qing Huang Department of Transfusion Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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Jun-jiang Chen Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

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Peijie Hu Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

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Wei Liu Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Yi-Wen Chen Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Jin Hao Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Rong-Rong Xie Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Hsiao Chang Chan Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China

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Ye Chun Ruan Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

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Hui Chen Cell-Gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China

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Jinghui Guo Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China

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Introduction Diabetes mellitus or diabetes, characterized by disturbed glucose metabolism and problematic insulin secretion ( 1 ), is a chronic condition complicated with eventual damage of multiple organs including the blood vessels, kidney

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Borros Arneth Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital of the Universities of Giessen and Marburg, UKGM, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Giessen, Germany

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Introduction Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) is an autoimmune disease in which T-lymphocytes attack insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas ( 1 ). During the later stages of this progressive disease, pancreatic beta cells are massively

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Leanne Hodson Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Oxford University Hospital Trusts, Oxford, UK

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Fredrik Karpe Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Oxford University Hospital Trusts, Oxford, UK

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impaired insulin-dependent regulation of glucose and hepatic lipid metabolism ( 3 ). Hyperinsulinaemia is a common finding in obesity, and may be the result of insulin hypersecretion and/or impaired hepatic insulin extraction; individuals with

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Mireille N M van Poppel Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Christopher J Nolan Department of Endocrinology at The Canberra Hospital and the Australian National University School of Medicine and Psychology, Canberra, ACT, Australia

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Gernot Desoye Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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identified, including in GATA6 , PDX1 , and PTF1A ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). In cases of complete PA, insulin, a major fetal growth regulator, and C-peptide concentrations are usually below the limit of detection in cord blood. The importance of insulin and other

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Kaisa K Ivaska
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Maikki K Heliövaara Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland

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Pertti Ebeling Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland

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Marco Bucci Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland

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Ville Huovinen Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland

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H Kalervo Väänänen
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Pirjo Nuutila Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland

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Heikki A Koistinen Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland

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originally identified in mice, in which OC was shown to act as a hormone to increase proliferation of pancreatic β cells, insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity (3, 4) . Osteocalcin is specifically expressed in osteoblasts and osteocytes, and it is

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Kyoungjune Pak Department of Nuclear Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea

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Seongho Seo Department of Electronic Engineering, Pai Chai University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

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Myung Jun Lee Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea

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Keunyoung Kim Department of Nuclear Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea

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Sunghwan Suh Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea

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Hyung-Jun Im Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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In Joo Kim Department of Nuclear Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea

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Introduction The brain plays a critical role in controlling the energy balance of the body ( 1 ). Energy intake chronically exceeding energy expenditure leads to obesity ( 2 , 3 ). Obesity is related with insulin resistance in muscle, liver

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Vittorio Unfer Health Department, UniPoliSi – Institut des Etudes Universitaires, Disentis, Switzerland

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Fabio Facchinetti Mother-Infant Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy

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Beatrice Orrù Medical Affairs Department, Lo.Li. Pharma, Rome, Italy

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Barbara Giordani Medical Affairs Department, Lo.Li. Pharma, Rome, Italy

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John Nestler Departments of Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA

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such as thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and insulin ( 2 ). MI and d -chiro-inositol (DCI), another stereoisomeric form of inositol, balance in different ways some metabolic deregulations concurring with insulin

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Amalie R Lanng Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Lærke S Gasbjerg Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Natasha C Bergmann Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Sigrid Bergmann Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Mads M Helsted Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Matthew P Gillum Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Bolette Hartmann Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens J Holst Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Tina Vilsbøll Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Filip K Knop Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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may cause hepatic steatosis which in some individuals leads to insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance ( 4 , 5 ). However, the exact mechanisms underlying these pathophysiological processes have not been identified. Alcohol has been found

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