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Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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complications such as cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and certain types of cancer ( 6 ). From a pathophysiological point of view, an excessive white adipose tissue mass is linked to increased insulin resistance, aggravating age-dependent risk of T2D and
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Introduction The exact mechanisms underlying the development of peripheral insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), are complex and not yet fully understood. Many metabolic and endocrine factors are involved in the
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Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Introduction Diabetes mellitus or diabetes, characterized by disturbed glucose metabolism and problematic insulin secretion ( 1 ), is a chronic condition complicated with eventual damage of multiple organs including the blood vessels, kidney
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Introduction Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) is an autoimmune disease in which T-lymphocytes attack insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas ( 1 ). During the later stages of this progressive disease, pancreatic beta cells are massively
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impaired insulin-dependent regulation of glucose and hepatic lipid metabolism ( 3 ). Hyperinsulinaemia is a common finding in obesity, and may be the result of insulin hypersecretion and/or impaired hepatic insulin extraction; individuals with
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identified, including in GATA6 , PDX1 , and PTF1A ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). In cases of complete PA, insulin, a major fetal growth regulator, and C-peptide concentrations are usually below the limit of detection in cord blood. The importance of insulin and other
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Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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originally identified in mice, in which OC was shown to act as a hormone to increase proliferation of pancreatic β cells, insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity (3, 4) . Osteocalcin is specifically expressed in osteoblasts and osteocytes, and it is
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Introduction The brain plays a critical role in controlling the energy balance of the body ( 1 ). Energy intake chronically exceeding energy expenditure leads to obesity ( 2 , 3 ). Obesity is related with insulin resistance in muscle, liver
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such as thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and insulin ( 2 ). MI and d -chiro-inositol (DCI), another stereoisomeric form of inositol, balance in different ways some metabolic deregulations concurring with insulin
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Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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may cause hepatic steatosis which in some individuals leads to insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance ( 4 , 5 ). However, the exact mechanisms underlying these pathophysiological processes have not been identified. Alcohol has been found