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Huiyuan Zhai Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Dongxu Wang Department of Geriatrics, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Yong Wang Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Hongwei Gu Central Laboratory, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Juan Jv Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Liangliang Yuan Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Chao Wang Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Leiyao Chen Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Chronic inflammation induced by obesity plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. The infiltration of macrophages into adipose tissues contributes to adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. Kaempferol, a flavonoid present in various vegetables and fruits, has been shown to possess remarkable anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we used leptin receptor-deficient obese mice (db/db) as an insulin-resistant model and investigated the effects of kaempferol treatment on obesity-induced insulin resistance. Our findings revealed that the administration of kaempferol (50 mg/kg/day, for 6 weeks) significantly reduced body weight, fat mass, and adipocyte size. Moreover, it effectively ameliorated abnormal glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in db/db mice. In the adipose tissue of obese mice treated with kaempferol, we observed a reduction in macrophage infiltration and a downregulation of mRNA expression of M1 marker genes TNF-α and IL-1β, accompanied by an upregulation of Arg1 and IL-10 mRNA expression. Additionally, kaempferol treatment significantly inhibited the STING/NLRP3 signaling pathway in adipose tissue. In vitro experiments, we further discovered that kaempferol treatment suppressed LPS-induced inflammation through the activation of NLRP3/caspase 1 signaling in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Our results suggest that kaempferol may effectively alleviate inflammation and insulin resistance in the adipose tissue of db/db mice by modulating the STING/NLRP3 signaling pathway.

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Stavroula A Paschou Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Nektaria Papadopoulou-Marketou Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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George P Chrousos Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results from the autoimmune destruction of β cells of the endocrine pancreas. Pathogenesis of T1DM is different from that of type 2 diabetes mellitus, where both insulin resistance and reduced secretion of insulin by the β cells play a synergistic role. We will present genetic, environmental and immunologic factors that destroy β cells of the endocrine pancreas and lead to insulin deficiency. The process of autoimmune destruction takes place in genetically susceptible individuals under the triggering effect of one or more environmental factors and usually progresses over a period of many months to years, during which period patients are asymptomatic and euglycemic, but positive for relevant autoantibodies. Symptomatic hyperglycemia and frank diabetes occur after a long latency period, which reflects the large percentage of β cells that need to be destroyed before overt diabetes become evident.

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Nancy J Olsen Division of Rheumatology, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, College of Medicine, Milton S Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University, Mail Code H044, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, USA

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Ann L Benko Division of Rheumatology, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, College of Medicine, Milton S Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University, Mail Code H044, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, USA

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William J Kovacs Division of Rheumatology, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, College of Medicine, Milton S Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University, Mail Code H044, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, USA

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Clinical and experimental evidence support a role for gonadal steroids in modulating the expression and course of autoimmune diseases such as lupus. Whether or not inherited variation in sensitivity to circulating androgenic hormones could influence the manifestations of such disease is, however, unknown. We sought to determine whether differences in androgen sensitivity conferred by variation in the exon 1 CAG repeat region of the androgen receptor (AR) gene were associated with differences in the clinical or humoral immune manifestations of lupus in a cohort of female subjects. We found that shorter AR CAG repeat lengths in lupus subjects correlated with a higher Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index score, higher ANA levels, and expression of a broader array of IgG autoantibodies. Our findings of more severe clinical manifestations and more exuberant humoral autoimmunity in women with a shorter AR exon 1 CAG repeat length suggest a role for genetically determined sensitivity to androgens as a modulator of autoimmune processes.

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Weiwei He Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanan Medical University, Shaanxi, China

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Bin Wang Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Kaida Mu Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China

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Jing Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China

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Yanping Yang Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China

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Wei Yao Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China

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Sheli Li Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanan Medical University, Shaanxi, China

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Jin-an Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China

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Background

Accumulating data have shown that interleukin-27 (IL27) polymorphisms are linked to the susceptibility of some autoimmune diseases. We assessed whether there was an association between three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL27 gene and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs).

Methods

Three SNPs (rs153109, rs17855750 and rs181206) of IL27 gene were genotyped by Hi-SNP high-throughput genotyping in 843 patients with AITDs (516 Graves’ disease (GD) and 327 Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT)) and 677 healthy controls in Chinese Han population.

Results

Compared with controls, rs153109 displayed significant associations with GD in allele and genotype frequencies (P = 0.002 and P = 0.008, respectively) and rs17855750 displayed significant associations with HT in allele frequencies (P = 0.02), whereas no differences in genotype or allele frequencies were found between AITD patients and controls at rs181206.

Conclusion

Our study, for the first time, showed the significant association of the IL27 gene SNPs with AITD.

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Aaron Lerner B. Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
AESKU.KIPP Institute, Wendelsheim, Germany

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Patricia Jeremias AESKU.KIPP Institute, Wendelsheim, Germany

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Torsten Matthias AESKU.KIPP Institute, Wendelsheim, Germany

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Autoimmune thyroiditis has an increased prevalence in patients with celiac disease and vice versa. The objective of the current review is to highlight the epidemiological, clinical, serological, pathological, pathophysiological, hormonal, genetic and immunological factors shared between the two entities. They might represent the two ends of the gut-thyroid axis where the cross-talks’ pathways are still unravelled. New observations are reviewed, highlighting some gut-thyroid interrelated pathways that potentially might lead to new therapeutic strategies.

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Charlotte Höybye Patient Area Endocrinology and Nephrology, Infection and Inflammation Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

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Laia Faseh Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

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Christos Himonakos Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Medicine, Karlstad Hospital, Karlstad, Sweden

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Tomasz Pielak NUTOPI Sp. z o. o., Poznan, Poland

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Jesper Eugen-Olsen Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark

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Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) syndrome is associated with adverse levels of several risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including metabolic inflammation. However, the impact of GHD and GH treatment on low-grade inflammation is unknown. The aim of the study was to establish the level of the low-grade inflammation biomarker soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) in adults with GHD and the response to long-term GH treatment. Measurements of suPAR and CRP were performed in bio-bank serum samples from 72 adults, 34 males and 38 females, with GHD before and during at least 5 years of GH treatment. Mean age was 52.5 ± 15.5 years, BMI 27.3 ± 5 kg/m2. Clinical evaluations and blood sampling were performed at routine visits. Data on demography, anthropometry, lab results and clinical events were retrieved from post-marketing surveillance study databases and medical records. suPAR and high-sensitive (hs) CRP were analysed using ELISA and immunochemistry, respectively. At baseline blood pressure, lipid profile and fasting glucose were within the normal reference range. Baseline geometric mean and 95% CI of suPAR was 2.9 (2.7–3.3) ng/mL and of CRP 2.3 (0.6–4.0) mg/L. Mean follow-up was 8 ± 2 years. The suPAR levels remained stable during follow-up, although individual increases were seen on occurrence or presence of co-morbidities. In contrast, levels of CRP decreased. In conclusion, the decrease in CRP and indirectly the absence of an expected increase in suPAR over time indicates a favourable effect of GH on low-grade inflammation.

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Wentao Zhou The Research Institution of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Tiantao Kuang The Research Institution of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xu Han Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Wenqi Chen Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xuefeng Xu The Research Institution of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Wenhui Lou Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Dansong Wang The Research Institution of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Objectives

Systemic inflammation markers have been demonstrated to be associated with prognosis in various tumors. In this study, we aimed to assess the value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), systemic immune-inflammation index and the counts of lymphocyte, monocyte and neutrophil in predicting prognosis among patients with resected pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs).

Methods

A total of 174 patients were included in the study. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the predictive roles of inflammation markers for relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in pNEN patients.

Results

The optimal cut-off values of NLR, LMR and lymphocyte count were 1.9, 5.0 and 1.4 × 109/L, respectively, determined by the X-tile software. RFS was found to be significantly longer in patients with NLR ≤1.9 (P = 0.041), LMR >5.0 (P < 0.001) and lymphocyte count >1.4 × 109/L (P = 0.002) in comparison to those with NLR >1.9, LMR ≤5.0 and lymphocyte count ≤1.4 × 109/L, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that LMR (hazard ratio 0.30, 95% CI 0.11–0.85, P = 0.023) was an independent predictor for RFS, but not NLR or lymphocyte count. For long-term survival analysis, patients with NLR ≤1.9 (P = 0.016) were found to be associated with favorable OS, but NLR was not an independent factor validated by multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

Preoperative LMR is an independent systemic inflammation marker to predict relapses in pNEN patients who underwent curative resections, whose clinical value needs to be verified in further large sample-based prospective studies.

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Frederique Van de Velde Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

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Marlies Bekaert Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

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Anja Geerts Department of Hepatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

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Anne Hoorens Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital

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Arsène-Hélène Batens Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

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Samyah Shadid Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

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Margriet Ouwens Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Duesseldorf, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany

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Yves Van Nieuwenhove Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

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Bruno Lapauw Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

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Purpose

Obese subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are more prone to develop additional metabolic disturbances such as systemic insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes. NAFLD is defined by hepatic steatosis, lobular inflammation, ballooning and stage of fibrosis, but it is unclear if and which components could contribute to IR.

Objective

To assess which histological components of NAFLD associate with IR in subjects with obesity, and if so, to what extent.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 78 obese subjects (mean age 46 ± 11 years; BMI 42.2 ± 4.7 kg/m2). Glucose levels were analysed by hexokinase method and insulin levels with electrochemiluminescence. Homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Liver biopsies were evaluated for histological components of NAFLD.

Results

A positive association between overall NAFLD Activity Score and HOMA-IR was found (r s = 0.259, P = 0.022). As per individual components, lobular inflammation and fibrosis stage were positively associated with HOMA-IR, glucose and insulin levels (P < 0.05), and HOMA-IR was higher in patients with more inflammatory foci or higher stage of fibrosis. These findings were independent of age, BMI, triglyceride levels, diabetes status and sex (all P < 0.043). In a combined model, lobular inflammation, but not fibrosis, remained associated with HOMA-IR.

Conclusion

In this group of obese subjects, a major contributing histological component of NAFLD to the relation between NAFLD severity and IR seems to be the grade of hepatic lobular inflammation. Although no causal relationship was assessed, preventing or mitigating this inflammatory response in obesity might be of importance in controlling obesity-related metabolic disturbances.

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Zhiwei Zhang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China

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Hui Zhao Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China

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Aixia Wang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China

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Background

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has a high incidence rate among pregnant women. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of plant-derived oleuropein in attenuating inflammatory and oxidative stress of GDM.

Methods

Oleuropein was administered to GDM mice at the doses of 5 or 10 mg/kg/day. Body weight, blood glucose, insulin and hepatic glycogen levels were recorded. To evaluate the effect of oleuropein in reducing oxidative stress, ELISA was used to measure the hepatic oxidative stress markers. The inflammation levels of GDM mice were evaluated by measuring serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α by ELISA and mRNA levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 by real-time PCR (RT-PCR). The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway was assessed by Western blot. Gestational outcome was analyzed through comparing litter size and birth weight.

Results

Oleuropein attenuated the elevated body weight of GDM mice and efficiently reduced blood glucose, insulin and hepatic glycogen levels. Oxidative stress and inflammation were alleviated by oleuropein treatment. The AMPK signaling was activated by oleuropein in GDM mice. Gestational outcome was markedly improved by oleuropein treatment.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that oleuropein is effective in alleviating symptoms of GDM and improving gestational outcome in the mouse model. This effect is achieved by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation, which is mediated by the activation of the AMPK signaling pathway.

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Shaomin Shi Division of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China

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Xinghua Chen Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Wen Yu Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China

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Xiaolan Ke Division of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China

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Tean Ma Division of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China

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Protection of podocytes is one of the important means to delay the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been shown to have a protective effect on the kidney in DN models, but whether it has a protective effect on podocytes and the potential mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. In the present study, we established a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mouse model by high-fat diet feeding combined with streptozotocin (STZ) induction and administered the intervention for 14 weeks. We found that liraglutide significantly ameliorated podocyte injury in DN mice. Mechanistically, we detected glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) protein expression levels in kidney tissues by immunohistochemical staining, immunofluorescence staining, and western blotting and found that podocytes could express GLP-1R and liraglutide treatment could restore GLP-1R expression in the kidney tissues of DN mice. Furthermore, we found that NLRP3-induced inflammation and pyroptosis were positively correlated with podocyte injury in DN mice, and liraglutide inhibited the expression of NLRP3-induced inflammation and pyroptosis-related proteins. Our results suggest that liraglutide protects DN mouse podocytes by regulating GLP-1R in renal tissues and by regulating NLRP3-induced inflammation and pyroptosis.

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