, primary hypothyroidism, or insulin-deficient diabetes, are persistent and require appropriate lifelong hormonal replacement. While non-endocrine irAEs often require cessation of immunotherapy and usually resolve with immunosuppressive therapy, that is
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Maria Stelmachowska-Banaś and Izabella Czajka-Oraniec
Till Ittermann, Rehman Mehmood Khattak, Marcello R P Markus, Jens-Peter Kühn, Marie-Luise Kromrey, Giovanni Targher, Antje Steveling, Matthias Nauck, and Henry Völzke
inconsistent findings regarding the association between subclinical or overt primary hypothyroidism and NAFLD ( 2 , 3 ). While a significant positive association was reported between variably defined hypothyroidism and NAFLD in one meta-analysis ( 3 ), no
Christin Krause, Martina Grohs, Alexander T El Gammal, Stefan Wolter, Hendrik Lehnert, Oliver Mann, Jens Mittag, and Henriette Kirchner
progression of NAFLD ( 2 ), including thyroid hormone (TH). A strong connection between systemic hypothyroidism and NAFLD has been established in humans ( 3 , 4 , 5 ) and rodents ( 6 ). Even in the euthryoid range, a link between NAFLD and higher free 3
Navid Tabriz, Kilian Gloy, Astrid Schantzen, Dennis Fried, Dirk Weyhe, and Verena Uslar
German adult shows pathological changes of the thyroid gland ( 3 ). While not all of those affected need medical treatment, patients with benign thyroid diseases, such as non-toxic or toxic goiters, autoimmune disorders, or postoperative hypothyroidism
Muthiah Subramanian, Manu Kurian Baby, and Krishna G Seshadri
Siemens commercial kits according to the manufactures' instructions (Erlangen, Germany). Outcome after 131 I therapy The primary outcome of successful therapy was either hypothyroidism or euthyroidism following 131 I therapy. Hypothyroid patients had a
Xiujuan Su, Yan Zhao, Zhijuan Cao, Yingying Yang, Tony Duan, and Jing Hua
). Treatment of overt hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism during pregnancy has been suggested by the American Thyroid Association (ATA) and the Endocrine Society due to its negative effect on the foetus and mother ( 9 , 10 ). Although there are some
Suvanjaa Sivalingam, Marianne Thvilum, Thomas Heiberg Brix, Laszlo Hegedüs, and Frans Brandt
variations in month of birth among patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism ( 14 ), diabetes type 1 ( 15 ), multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia ( 16 , 17 ) compared to the background population, further supports this hypothesis. To our knowledge, the
David P Sonne, Asger Lund, Jens Faber, Jens J Holst, Tina Vilsbøll, and Filip K Knop
diabetes. In both studies, basal and stimulated TSH concentrations were within normal range, but tended to be lower in type 2 diabetes patients vs controls (meal-study). This contrasts to the common observation of subclinical hypothyroidism in type 2
Eugenie S Lim, Shanty G Shah, Mona Waterhouse, Scott Akker, William Drake, Nick Plowman, Daniel M Berney, Polly Richards, Ashok Adams, Ewa Nowosinska, Carmel Brennan, and Maralyn Druce
patients with thyroiditis, 9 were documented as having abnormal thyroid function prior to thyroidectomy (6 hypothyroid or compensated hypothyroid and 3 with suppressed TSH or frankly hyperthyroid), while for the 88 patients without thyroiditis, 5 were
W J Bom, F B M Joosten, M M G J van Borren, E P Bom, R R J P van Eekeren, and H de Boer
long been the only treatment options available for this condition. However, lobectomy is associated with post-operative hypothyroidism in 25% of patients ( 5 ), laryngeal nerve lesions in 0–1.1% ( 6 ), and hematomas in 0.7–1.5% ( 7 ). Volume reduction
