retardation, etc.) • Rheumatological (chronic juvenile arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, etc.) Endocrine diseases • Growth hormone/IGF-1 deficiency or insensitivity • Hypothyroidism • Hypercortisolism • Precocious puberty
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Athanasios Zervas, George Chrousos, and Sarantis Livadas
Josephina G Kuiper, Aline C Fenneman, Anne H van der Spek, Elena Rampanelli, Max Nieuwdorp, Myrthe P P van Herk-Sukel, Valery E P P Lemmens, Ernst J Kuipers, Ron M C Herings, and Eric Fliers
Introduction Primary hypothyroidism is a common condition with a rapidly rising global prevalence. In the Netherlands, the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism has increased from 0.4 to 2.9% over the past 15 years ( 1 ) ( www
Marek Niedziela
drugs (ATDs) does not prevent relapse of this disease. Hashitoxicosis in its natural course switches to permanent hypothyroidism, usually over a few weeks/months. However , one should remember that hashitoxicosis can be recurrent. The clinical
Sophie-Charlotte Drogge, Mirjam Frank, Carolin Girschik, Karl-Heinz Jöckel, Dagmar Führer-Sakel, and Börge Schmidt
values, abnormal TSH values are more sensitive markers for early thyroid dysfunction including hypothyroidism as well as hyperthyroidism than the measurement of thyroid hormones values ( 9 ). Further, it has been reported that thyroid function is
Xin He, Qin Yan, Chazhen Liu, Zhengyuan Wang, Ping Liao, Tong Liu, Zehuan Shi, Qi Song, Xueying Cui, Wenjing Wang, and Jiajie Zang
gestational age ( 10 , 11 ). Overt hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism have a high risk of light birth weight or SGA births ( 11 ). Mild thyroid dysfunction, which is more prevalent than overt hypothyroidism, is associated with SGA and LGA according to some
Enrique Soto-Pedre, Paul J Newey, John S Bevan, and Graham P Leese
. Hyperprolactinaemia can be physiological, pathological or iatrogenic, and the causes of non-physiological hyperprolactinaemia include pituitary disorders, drugs (most commonly antipsychotic agents) and hypothyroidism; aside from these, idiopathic hyperprolactinaemia
L M Mongioì, R A Condorelli, S La Vignera, and A E Calogero
Hypopituitarism GH deficiency, Hypothyroidism, hypogonadism, diabetes mellitus, obesity Cortisone acetate 62.5 mg/day LT4 100 µg/day Drop out 2 F 43 Hypopituitarism Hypothyroidism, hypogonadism, obesity Cortisone acetate 37.5 mg/day LT4
Bliss Anderson and Daniel L Morganstein
becoming hypothyroid (lethargy, constipation, cold intolerance, etc.) Thyroid hormone profile Hypothyroidism Thyroid hormone replacement 5.2–5.9% (8, 9) (with anti-CTLA4) Thyrotoxicosis Consider beta blockers for palpitations (23) 5
Hanna Karhapää, Siru Mäkelä, Hanna Laurén, Marjut Jaakkola, Camilla Schalin-Jäntti, and Micaela Hernberg
dysfunction included primary hypothyroidism, thyrotoxicosis, and transient thyrotoxicosis followed by hypothyroidism (thyroiditis). Hypothyroidism was defined as an increased TSH concentration above the upper normal limit and a fT4 concentration under the
Kjersti S Bakken, Kristina Randjelovic Nermo, Bjørn Gunnar Nedrebø, Tim I M Korevaar, and Tor A Strand
. Both overt hypothyroidism, as well as Graves’ hyperthyroidism, is associated with miscarriage, pre-eclampsia, preterm birth and low birth weight, and suboptimal offspring neurocognitive development ( 2 ). In the last two decades, some but not all