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becoming hypothyroid (lethargy, constipation, cold intolerance, etc.) Thyroid hormone profile Hypothyroidism Thyroid hormone replacement 5.2–5.9% (8, 9) (with anti-CTLA4) Thyrotoxicosis Consider beta blockers for palpitations (23) 5

dysfunction included primary hypothyroidism, thyrotoxicosis, and transient thyrotoxicosis followed by hypothyroidism (thyroiditis). Hypothyroidism was defined as an increased TSH concentration above the upper normal limit and a fT4 concentration under the

. Both overt hypothyroidism, as well as Graves’ hyperthyroidism, is associated with miscarriage, pre-eclampsia, preterm birth and low birth weight, and suboptimal offspring neurocognitive development ( 2 ). In the last two decades, some but not all

, primary hypothyroidism, or insulin-deficient diabetes, are persistent and require appropriate lifelong hormonal replacement. While non-endocrine irAEs often require cessation of immunotherapy and usually resolve with immunosuppressive therapy, that is

inconsistent findings regarding the association between subclinical or overt primary hypothyroidism and NAFLD ( 2 , 3 ). While a significant positive association was reported between variably defined hypothyroidism and NAFLD in one meta-analysis ( 3 ), no

progression of NAFLD ( 2 ), including thyroid hormone (TH). A strong connection between systemic hypothyroidism and NAFLD has been established in humans ( 3 , 4 , 5 ) and rodents ( 6 ). Even in the euthryoid range, a link between NAFLD and higher free 3

German adult shows pathological changes of the thyroid gland ( 3 ). While not all of those affected need medical treatment, patients with benign thyroid diseases, such as non-toxic or toxic goiters, autoimmune disorders, or postoperative hypothyroidism

Siemens commercial kits according to the manufactures' instructions (Erlangen, Germany). Outcome after 131 I therapy The primary outcome of successful therapy was either hypothyroidism or euthyroidism following 131 I therapy. Hypothyroid patients had a

). Treatment of overt hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism during pregnancy has been suggested by the American Thyroid Association (ATA) and the Endocrine Society due to its negative effect on the foetus and mother ( 9 , 10 ). Although there are some

variations in month of birth among patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism ( 14 ), diabetes type 1 ( 15 ), multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia ( 16 , 17 ) compared to the background population, further supports this hypothesis. To our knowledge, the