cytokines, leptin, estradiol and insulin. These substances may inhibit the activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary gonadal axis at multiple levels, thus lowering the concentrations of testosterone ( 7 ). There is also evidence that obesity increases aromatase
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Kristin Ottarsdottir, Anna G Nilsson, Margareta Hellgren, Ulf Lindblad, and Bledar Daka
Marie Reeberg Sass, Nicolai Jacob Wewer Albrechtsen, Jens Pedersen, Kristine Juul Hare, Nis Borbye-Lorenzen, Katalin Kiss, Tina Vilsbøll, Filip Krag Knop, Steen Seier Poulsen, Niklas Rye Jørgensen, Jens Juul Holst, Cathrine Ørskov, and Bolette Hartmann
-acting somatostatin analogue, which inhibits the secretion of the gastrointestinal hormones) significantly blunted the suppression of bone resorption after oral glucose in a study by Clowes et al . ( 5 ). However, in the same study, insulin was also inhibited by the
Selina Mäkinen, Yen H Nguyen, Paulina Skrobuk, and Heikki A Koistinen
Introduction Excess dietary fat and sedentary lifestyle predispose to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. As skeletal muscle accounts for 80% of glucose disposal under insulin-stimulated conditions ( 1 , 2 ), it is an important target
Anna Kistner, Mireille Vanpée, and Kerstin Hall
(defined as birth weight (BW) below 2500 g) has been proposed to lead to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (1, 2, 3, 4) . In studies of individuals born SGA at term (defined as BW SDS below −2 SDS), signs of insulin resistance have been detected in
Yuka Goto, Yoshie Otsuka, Kenji Ashida, Ayako Nagayama, Nao Hasuzawa, Shimpei Iwata, Kento Hara, Munehisa Tsuruta, Nobuhiko Wada, Seiichi Motomura, Yuji Tajiri, and Masatoshi Nomura
the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in diabetes mellitus ( 1 , 2 ). SGLT2 inhibitors exert glucose-lowering effects, improving insulin sensitivity through the changes in the body composition over long-term treatment ( 3 , 4 ). While
Wenjun Long, Tuo Zhou, Xiuping Xuan, Qiuli Cao, Zuojie Luo, Yingfen Qin, Qin Ning, Xiaoping Luo, and Xuemei Xie
growth (CG-IUGR) is much higher than that in normal people ( 10 , 11 ). Insulin resistance has been considered as an early manifestation as well as a crucial mechanism for metabolic disturbance in later life of individuals with CG-IUGR ( 12 , 13 , 14
Hong Wang, Jie Cao, Jian-bin Su, Xue-qin Wang, Dong-mei Zhang, and Xiao-hua Wang
the formation of glycosylation end products (AGEs) collectively contribute to hypercoagulation in T2D ( 2 ). Insulin resistance, also termed 'reduced insulin sensitivity', is of central importance in the pathogenesis and progression of T2D and
Myrian Velasco, Rosa Isela Ortiz-Huidobro, Carlos Larqué, Yuriko Itzel Sánchez-Zamora, José Romo-Yáñez, and Marcia Hiriart
central obesity (based on the waist circumference), dyslipidemia (decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or hypertriglyceridemia), hypertension, impaired fasting glucose, and insulin resistance ( 5 ). MS diagnosis involves the presence
Stavroula A Paschou, Eleni Palioura, Dimitrios Ioannidis, Panagiotis Anagnostis, Argyro Panagiotakou, Vasiliki Loi, Georgios Karageorgos, Dimitrios G Goulis, and Andromachi Vryonidou
Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenism ( 1 ). It is often accompanied by insulin resistance ( 2 ) and abnormal lipid profile ( 3 , 4 ). Several studies have shown that
Gunjan Garg, Garima Kachhawa, Rekha Ramot, Rajesh Khadgawat, Nikhil Tandon, V Sreenivas, Alka Kriplani, and N Gupta
(1) . Vitamin D receptors are recognized to be present in numerous extra-skeletal tissues, including pancreas and muscle (2) . Vitamin D has been reported to influence not only insulin sensitivity/resistance (IS/IR) but also insulin secretion (3, 4
