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then diluted 1:4 and stored at −80°C until assay. For Mouse Bio-Plex Pro Assays, 25 μL of serum per sample was analyzed. The concentration levels of insulin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) and Leptin were measured using the Mouse Diabetes

<0.001 ns  Glinides 0.1 2.8 4.0 2.4 <0.001 ns <0.001 ns  Sulfonylureas 0.4 9.6 4.0 2.4 ns ns ns ns  GLP-1 analogs 0.1 3.9 12.0 2.4 <0.001 ns 0.005 ns  DPP4 inhibitors 0.4 17

for proglucagon to be dissected into glucagon, GLP-1 and GLP-2 in this cell line ( Fig. 1D , E and F ). For subcutaneous tumors, although INS-1 xenograft tumors ( 26 ) caused severe hypoglycemia, the blood glucose level showed no significant change

KC Lim JG Song DK. Protection of pancreatic beta-cells against glucotoxicity by short-term treatment with GLP-1 . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2015 459 561 – 567 . ( doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.139 ) 21

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are two gastrointestinal hormones known as incretins, ‘INtestine SeCRETion Insulin’, secreted in response to nutrient intake. In order to compensate for low incretin

detection, to check the pharmacological response during therapeutic intervention, or that can be used as treatment targets ( 2 , 6 , 18 ). In previous research it has been shown that glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analog therapy directly modulates innate

peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4Is), SGLT-2Is and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs). Fasting venous blood samples were taken to detect biochemical indices, such as serum CysC levels, hepatic function index, creatinine, uric acid (UA), lipid

Carvalho C Santos MS Oliveira CR Moreira PI Duarte AI . Brain GLP-1/IGF-1 signaling and autophagy mediate exendin-4 protection against apoptosis in Type 2 diabetic rats . Molecular Neurobiology 2018 55 4030 – 4050 . ( https://doi.org/10

diabetic stress conditions, glucagon-producing α cells are important to maintain β cell health and function through GLP-1 secretion ( 40 , 41 ) suggesting an α-cell-mediated adaptive response to β-cell stress and injury. Collombat and colleagues

/11 signaling pathway ( 11 , 12 ), (ii) In endocrine L cells of colon, FFAR2 mediates the secretion of GLP-1 by coupling with the ligand SCFAs, which in turn promotes the proliferation of functional islet β-cells mass ( 13 , 14 ). Besides, SCFAs can