• Understands the pathophysiology of the normal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and recognises deviation from the norm • Is able to identify abnormal test results and escalate appropriately a,b,c • Can understand false-positive and -negative
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Veronica Kieffer, Kate Davies, Christine Gibson, Morag Middleton, Jean Munday, Shashana Shalet, Lisa Shepherd, and Phillip Yeoh
Muriel Houang, Thao Nguyen-Khoa, Thibaut Eguether, Bettina Ribault, Séverine Brabant, Michel Polak, Irène Netchine, and Antonin Lamazière
D Banerji D . The effects of intranasal triamcinolone acetonide and intranasal fluticasone propionate on short-term bone growth and HPA axis in children with allergic rhinitis . Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 2003 90 56 – 62 . ( https
N Bergmann, F Gyntelberg, and J Faber
-response is then initiated with activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic–adrenomedullar (SAM) axis (3) . The activation of the two axes takes place in order to maintain the dynamic balance of the body, homeostasis, and
Maximilian Bielohuby, Martin Bidlingmaier, and Uwe Schwahn
rodent studies and data are usually only reported for individual hormones. Among the reported hormones, particular attention has been given to hormones belonging to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as well as to adrenal medullary hormones
Legh Wilkinson, Nicolette J D Verhoog, and Ann Louw
Introduction Due to the interrelatedness of the stress and inflammatory responses, chronic persistent inflammation may be considered both a cause and a consequence of a prolonged disruption of the central HPA axis, a systemic signalling
Sirazum Choudhury, Tricia Tan, Katharine Lazarus, and Karim Meeran
-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the influence of the master clock is exerted by canonical endocrine signalling via arginine vasopressin (AVP) modification of pulsatile ACTH secretion, but there also exist non-endocrine pathways with neural signalling via the splanchnic
Efstratios Kardalas, Stavroula A Paschou, Panagiotis Anagnostis, Giovanna Muscogiuri, Gerasimos Siasos, and Andromachi Vryonidou
hyperactivity of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis ( 49 ). Due to elevated ACTH, patients suffer from an overproduction of mineralocorticoids, leading to hypertension, hypokalemic alkalosis and fatigue. Females also show signs of hyperandrogenism
Andrew R Dismukes, Vanessa J Meyer, Elizabeth A Shirtcliff, Katherine P Theall, Kyle C Esteves, and Stacy S Drury
patterns of allostasis? An examination of basal and stress reactive HPA axis activity and telomere length . Physiology & Behavior 2012 106 40 – 45 . ( doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.11.016 ) 25 Kalimi M Shafagoj Y Loria R Padgett D
Mardia López-Alarcón, Jessie N Zurita-Cruz, Alonso Torres-Rodríguez, Karla Bedia-Mejía, Manuel Pérez-Güemez, Leonel Jaramillo-Villanueva, Mario E Rendón-Macías, Jose R Fernández, and Patricia Martínez-Maroñas
children . Epidemiology of Obesity in Children and Adolescents 2011 455 – 482 . 5 Rutters F La Fleur S Lemmens S Born J Martens M Adam T . The hypothalamic–pituitary-adrenal axis, obesity, and chronic stress exposure: foods and HPA axis
Andrea V Haas, Paul N Hopkins, Nancy J Brown, Luminita H Pojoga, Jonathan S Williams, Gail K Adler, and Gordon H Williams
used various cortisol measurement techniques (morning plasma, salivary, post-dexamethasone suppression, 24-h urine) that assess distinct aspects of the hypothalamic–pituitary–axis. An emerging new technique that may also be of use is measurement of hair