Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) pathogenesis may involve the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) ( 1 ). Common features observed in T2DM and metabolic syndrome, such as elevated fasting glucose, obesity, hyperlipidemia or
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Karim Gariani, Pedro Marques-Vidal, Gérard Waeber, Peter Vollenweider, and François R Jornayvaz
Britt J van Keulen, Conor V Dolan, Bibian van der Voorn, Ruth Andrew, Brian R Walker, Hilleke Hulshoff Pol, Dorret I Boomsma, Joost Rotteveel, and Martijn J J Finken
infectious diseases and are more likely to engage in violent competition ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). Moreover, males and females differ in cardiovascular disease susceptibility ( 4 ). Sex differences in HPA-axis settings have been hypothesized to play a role in these
Huifei Sophia Zheng, Jeffrey G Daniel, Julia M Salamat, Laci Mackay, Chad D Foradori, Robert J Kemppainen, Satyanarayana R Pondugula, Ya-Xiong Tao, and Chen-Che Jeff Huang
negative feedback from the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis ( 2 ). Although GCs have non-genomic actions, they may still rapidly affect gene expression via different mechanisms such as mRNA destabilization and coactivator competition ( 3 , 4
Ferdinand Roelfsema, Diana van Heemst, Ali Iranmanesh, Paul Takahashi, Rebecca Yang, and Johannes D Veldhuis
Introduction The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is the most important neuroendocrine stress-responsive system, which is of critical importance for survival in mammals ( 1 ). Tightly controlled regulation of the HPA axis is crucial
Martijn J J Finken, Aleid J G Wirix, Ines A von Rosenstiel-Jadoul, Bibian van der Voorn, Mai J M Chinapaw, Michaela F Hartmann, Joana E Kist-van Holthe, Stefan A Wudy, and Joost Rotteveel
effects on body fat disposition and vascular reactivity. Indeed, childhood obesity has been associated with alterations in hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity, including increased cortisol production and flattening of early-morning peak
Arno Téblick, Lies Langouche, and Greet Van den Berghe
critical illness. (A) The ACTH–cortisol dissociation, that is high levels of cortisol and low levels of ACTH, during the first week of ICU stay. Adapted, with permission, from ( 47 ). (B) The time course of HPA axis alteration beyond the first week of
J Brossaud, V Pallet, and J-B Corcuff
medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line ( 58 ). Vitamin A and the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis There are arguments for an action of RA on the HPA axis. For instance, chronic treatment of young rats by RA increases basal corticosterone
Jan W Eriksson, Reem A Emad, Martin H Lundqvist, Niclas Abrahamsson, and Maria C Kjellsson
(GH) ( 10 ). Cortisol secretion is primarily regulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which, in turn, is stimulated by corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) via the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. A major physiological effect of
Eva Olga Melin, Magnus Hillman, and Mona Landin-Olsson
secretion is implicated in the development of atherosclerosis, CVD and CV mortality ( 15 , 16 , 17 ). Several disturbances of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in patients with T1D have been demonstrated. The disturbances include increased
Anne-Sophie C A M Koning, Philippe C Habets, Marit Bogaards, Jan Kroon, Hanneke M van Santen, Judith M de Bont, and Onno C Meijer
by the adrenal gland via activation of negative feedback mechanisms within the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis ( 14 , 15 ). High dosages of synthetic glucocorticoids will therefore lead to a situation of strong GR activation but, for lack