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Purpose
The aim of this study was to examine the probability of achieving acromegaly disease control according to several patient-, disease- and treatment-related factors longitudinally.
Methods
We analyzed data from ACROSTUDY, an open-label, noninterventional, post-marketing safety surveillance study conducted in 15 countries. A total of 1546 patients with acromegaly and treated with pegvisomant, with available information on baseline IGF-1 level, were included. Factors influencing IGF-1 control were assessed up to 10 years of follow-up by mixed-effects logistic regression models, taking into account changing values of covariates at baseline and at yearly visits. Twenty-eight anthropometric, clinical and treatment-related covariates were examined through univariate and multivariate analyses. We tested whether the probability of non-control was different than 0.50 (50%) by computing effect sizes (ES) and the corresponding 95% CI.
Results
Univariate analysis showed that age <40 years, normal or overweight, baseline IGF-1 <300 µg/L or ranged between 300 and 500 µg/L, and all pegvisomant dose <20 mg/day were associated with a lower probability of acromegaly uncontrol. Consistently, in multivariate analyses, the probability of uncontrolled acromegaly was influenced by baseline IGF-1 value: patients with IGF-1 <300 µg/L had the lowest risk of un-controlled acromegaly (ES = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.23–0.36). The probability of acromegaly uncontrol was also lower for values 300–500 µg/L (ES = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.32–0.43), while it was higher for baseline IGF-1 values ≥700 µg/L (ES = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.53–0.64).
Conclusion
Baseline IGF-l levels were a good predictor factor for long-term acromegaly control. On the contrary, our data did not support a role of age, sex, BMI and pegvisomant dose as predictors of long-term control of acromegaly.
Significance statement
Among factors that could influence and predict the efficacy of pegvisomant therapy in controlling acromegaly, a central role of baseline IGF-1 values on the probability of achieving a biochemical control of acromegaly during the treatment with pegvisomant was identified, in a real-life setting.
Department of Emergency Medicine, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
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School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Department of Medicine, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Objective
Pituitary dysfunction following mild traumatic brain injury can have serious physical and psychological consequences, making correct diagnosis and treatment essential. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to study the prevalence of pituitary dysfunction following mild traumatic brain injury in an all-female population following detailed endocrinological work-up after screening for pituitary dysfunction in female athletes.
Design
This is a retrospective cohort study.
Methods
Hormone screening blood tests, including serum blood values for thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxin, insulin-like growth factor 1, prolactin, cortisol, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estrogen and progesterone, were taken in 133 female athletes. Results were repeatedly outside the reference value in 88 women necessitating further endocrinological evaluation. Two of those were lost to follow-up, and further endocrinological evaluation was performed in 86 participants.
Results
Six women (4.6%, n = 131) were diagnosed with hypopituitarism, four (3.1%) with central hypothyroidism and two with growth hormone deficiency (1.5%). Ten women (7.6%) had hyperprolactinemia, and four (3.1%) of them had prolactinoma. Medical treatment was initiated in 13 (9.9%) women. Significant prognostic factors were not found.
Conclusions
As 12.2% of female athletes with a history of mild traumatic brain injury had pituitary dysfunction (hypopituitarism 4.6%, hyperprolactinemia 7.6%), we conclude that pituitary dysfunction is an important consideration in post-concussion care. Hyperprolactinemia in the absence of prolactinoma may represent pituitary or hypothalamic injury following mild traumatic brain injury.
Significance statement
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has become a growing public health concern as 50 million people worldwide sustain a traumatic brain injury annually, with mTBI being the most common (70–90%). As studies on mTBI have focused on mostly male populations this study aims to explore pituitary dysfunction (PD) in female athletes following mTBI. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first all-female study on PD following mTBI.
The study found that 12.2% of the participating women had PD after mTBI. Six (4.6%) had hypopituitarism and ten (7.6%) had hyperprolactinemia. These findings suggest that PD following mTBI is an important consideration that endocrinologists and other medical staff working with athletes need to be aware of.
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Individuals with untreated isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) due to a mutation in the GHRH receptor gene from Itabaianinha Brazil have increased insulin sensitivity, normal life expectancy, and an extended health span, i.e. the period of life free from disabilities. We hypothesize that their prolonged health span is accompanied by a delayed cognitive decline in senescence. To test this hypothesis, we have administered the Literacy-Independent Cognitive Assessment (LICA) to 15 IGHD individuals aged over 50 years and 15 controls matched by age, sex, years of education, and percentage of illiteracy. All individuals were negative for HIV and syphilis serology, and there were no differences in serum levels of folate, vitamin B12 and TSH between the two groups, while free T4 was higher in the IGHD group. IGHD subjects had a higher total LICA score than controls, 215 (22.7) vs 204.2 (18.1), without reaching statistical significance. Scores of memory, visuoconstruction, language and calculation were similar between the two groups, with better attention (9.5 (1.4) vs 8.3 (1.1), P = 0.01) and executive function (38.3 (4.8) vs 35.1 (2.5), P = 0.03) scores in IGHD. MANCOVA revealed that group (but no age) had a significant effect on the LICA variables (partial eta squared of 0.455, power of 0.812, P = 0.02). This effect is verified on attention (partial eta squared 0.216, power of 0.749, P = 0.01) and executive function (partial eta squared 0.154, power of 0.570, P = 0.03. In conclusion, IGHD in senescence is associated with similar total cognitive performance but better attention and executive function than controls.
Office for Rare Conditions, Royal Hospital for Children & Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
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Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Department of Medicine & Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Office for Rare Conditions, Royal Hospital for Children & Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Objective
The European Registries for Rare Endocrine Conditions (EuRRECa, eurreb.eu) includes an e-reporting registry (e-REC) used to perform surveillance of conditions within the European Reference Network (ERN) for rare endocrine conditions (Endo-ERN). The aim of this study was to report the experience of e-REC over the 3.5 years since its launch in 2018.
Methods
Electronic reporting capturing new encounters of Endo-ERN conditions was performed monthly through a bespoke platform by clinicians registered to participate in e-REC from July 2018 to December 2021.
Results
The number of centres reporting on e-REC increased to a total of 61 centres from 22 countries. A median of 29 (range 11, 45) paediatric and 32 (14, 51) adult centres had reported cases monthly. A total of 9715 and 4243 new cases were reported in adults (age ≥18 years) and children, respectively. In children, sex development conditions comprised 40% of all reported conditions and transgender cases were most frequently reported, comprising 58% of sex development conditions. The median number of sex development cases reported per centre per month was 0.6 (0, 38). Amongst adults, pituitary conditions comprised 44% of reported conditions and pituitary adenomas (69% of cases) were most commonly reported. The median number of pituitary cases reported per centre per month was 4 (0.4, 33).
Conclusions
e-REC has gained increasing acceptability over the last 3.5 years for capturing brief information on new encounters of rare conditions and shows wide variations in the rate of presentation of these conditions to centres within a reference network.
Significance statement
Endocrinology includes a very wide range of rare conditions and their occurrence is often difficult to measure. By using an electronic platform that allowed monthly reporting of new clinical encounters of several rare endocrine conditions within a defined network that consisted of several reference centres in Europe, the EuRRECa project shows that a programme of e-surveillance is feasible and acceptable. The data that have been collected by the e-reporting of rare endocrine conditions (e-REC) can allow the continuous monitoring of rare conditions and may be used for clinical benchmarking, designing new studies or recruiting to clinical trials.
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Objectives
The incidental diagnosis of nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas (NFPMAs) is becoming more prevalent with the spread of modern brain imaging techniques. We sought to uncover new data about their natural history and surgical outcome.
Design
This is a retrospective single-center observational study.
Methods
Among 210 patients seen for a NFPMA between 2010 and 2019, 70 (33%) were discovered incidentally (i-NFPMA). We analyzed outcomes in a total of 65 patients with available follow-up data.
Results
Mean age at diagnosis (± s.d.) was 60 ± 14 years and mean maximal diameter was 20.0 ± 7.3 mm. At diagnosis, 29 patients (45%) had pituitary hormone deficits (LH/FSH 41%, TSH 29%, ACTH 15%) and 12% had visual field deficits. 26 patients underwent initial surgery, while 12 had delayed surgery after initial surveillance. In the surveillance group, the risk of tumor growth was estimated at 10%/year. Patients with hormonal deficits at diagnosis experienced earlier growth at 24 months (P < 0.02). Overall, surgical resection of the i-NFPMA led to stable or improved endocrine function in 91% of patients, with only 6% postoperative permanent diabetes insipidus. Moreover, surgery was more effective in preserving intact endocrine function (10/12) than restoring altered endocrine function to normal (6/22, P = 0.03).
Conclusion
About one-third of NFPMAs are now discovered incidentally and a significant subset may be responsible for unrecognized endocrine and visual deficits. Under surveillance the risk of further tumor growth is significant (10%/year) and seems to occur faster in patients already harboring an endocrine deficit. Early surgical removal before onset of endocrine deficits appears to lead to better endocrine outcome.
Division of Epidemiology and Biometry, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
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Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children’s Hospital and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Background
Craniopharyngiomas (CPs) are rare embryonic tumors. Clinical presentation and outcome of patients perinatally diagnosed with congenital CP (cCP) are not clear and refer mainly to a few case reports in the literature. The aim of this study was to analyze clinical presentation and outcome in patients with cCP.
Study design
Three hundred and sixty-one patients diagnosed with adamantinomatous CP were recruited 2007–2022 in KRANIOPHARYNGEOM 2007/Registry 2019 and prospectively observed. In two cases, cCP was diagnosed prenatally and in one case on the second day of life. Pre- and perinatal diagnostic findings, postnatal evaluation, and therapeutic interventions and outcome in these three cases of cCP were analyzed.
Results
All patients survived. One patient developed psychomotor retardation and a mild hemiparesis. Prenatal routine ultrasound examination led to the diagnosis of cCP. Tumor resection was performed during the early postnatal period (range: 11–51 days of age). Functional capacity, measured by Fertigkeitenskala-Münster-Heidelberg (FMH) was reduced in three and behavioral parameters, measured by the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were abnormal in two cases.
Conclusion
cCP is a rare diagnosis with a prevalence of 0.83% in our study group. Compared to cases reported in the literature, the presented cases were treated immediately and had a better prognosis. Based on improvements of diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, prenatal diagnosis of cCP should lead to transfer prior to delivery of cCP patients to a specialized center for delivery and postnatal treatment of newborns with sellar masses by a multidisciplinary team to secure the improved prognosis of these patients.
Significance statement
We previously reported that lower event-free survival rates after craniopharyngioma are associated with younger age at diagnosis. Perinatally diagnosed congenital craniopharyngiomas are very rare. This article presents three unique cases with congenital craniopharyngioma, comparing their diagnostics, therapy, and development. All three cases had surgery during the early postnatal period with sparing of the posterior hypothalamus. In each case, endocrinopathy was present at follow-up. Low functional capacity was reported in all cases and an abnormal total difficulties score in two cases. Compared to the literature, the presented cases had better prognosis in morbidity and mortality. This report and the review of the literature confirm the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the diagnostic and treatment of the very rare condition of congenital craniopharyngioma.
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National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Purpose
We aimed to describe and predict the risk of severe hypernatremia after surgical resection of craniopharyngioma and to identify the association of water intake, urine output, and sodium level change in the patients.
Method
The outcome was postoperative severe hypernatremia. We identified risk factors associated with hypernatremia using multivariable regression. We trained machine learning models to predict the outcome. We compared serum sodium change, intravenous input, oral input, total input, urine output, and net fluid balance according to different nurse shifts.
Results
Among 234 included patients, 125 developed severe hypernatremia after surgery. The peak incidence occurred during day 0 and day 6 after surgery. The risk was increased in patients with gross total resection (odds ratio (OR) 2.41, P < 0.001), high Puget classification (OR 4.44, P = 0.026), preoperative adrenal insufficiency (OR 2.01, P = 0.040), and preoperative hypernatremia (OR 5.55, P < 0.001). The random forest algorithm had the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.770, 95% CI, 0.727–0.813) in predicting the outcome and was validated in the prospective validation cohort. Overnight shifts were associated with the highest serum sodium increase (P = 0.010), less intravenous input (P < 0.001), and less desmopressin use (P < 0.001).
Conclusion
The overall incidence of severe hypernatremia after surgical resection of craniopharyngioma was significant, especially in patients with gross total resection, hypothalamus distortion, preoperative adrenal insufficiency, and preoperative severe hypernatremia. Less intravenous input and less desmopressin use were associated with serum sodium increases, especially during overnight shifts.
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Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (SDCA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Background
The diagnosis of the polyuria–polydipsia syndrome is challenging. Copeptin is a robust biomarker of arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion. Arginine, which stimulates growth hormone (GH), has been shown also to stimulate copeptin secretion via unknown mechanisms.
Aim
The aim was to investigate copeptin levels in response to three different GH stimulation tests in patients suspected of GH deficiency.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, we measured plasma copeptin levels at baseline and at 60, 105, and 150 min in patients undergoing a stimulation test for growth hormone deficiency with either arginine (n = 16), clonidine (n = 8) or the insulin tolerance test (ITT) (n = 10).
Results
In patients undergoing the arginine test, the mean age was 9 years, and 10 years for clonidine. The ITT was only performed in adult patients (>18 years) with a mean age of 49 years. Copeptin level increased significantly from baseline to 60 min after arginine (P <0.01) and ITT (P < 0.01). By contrast, copeptin level tended to decrease after clonidine stimulation (P = 0.14).
Conclusion
These data support that infusion of arginine increases plasma copeptin levels and reveal a comparable response after an ITT. We hypothesize that the underlying mechanism is abrogation of somatostatin-induced AVP suppression.
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Department of Neurosurgery, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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The application of transcription factor immunohistochemistry to pituitary neuroendocrine tumour (PitNET) assessment has allowed identification of tumours that do not conform to a single lineage. Multilineage pituitary transcription factor 1 (PIT1) and steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) PitNETs are a rare and relatively newly described tumour subtype. These tumours express both transcription factors and may also express combinations of hormones corresponding to both lineages. Histological and clinical characteristics can vary, and overall clinical behaviour and prognosis is not known. We describe the clinical outcomes and somatostatin receptor status (SSTR) of a series of nine cases identified from our cohort of pituitary tumours at Westmead Hospital. Eight PitNETs (88.9%) expressed growth hormone and caused acromegaly at presentation. Of the seven macrotumours that caused acromegaly, one had cavernous sinus invasion. The Ki-67 labeling index score ranged from 0.6% to 3.6%. About 88% of tumours that secreted excess growth hormone exhibited strong immunostaining for SSTR 2 and all tumours displayed weak immunoreactivity for SSTR5. In 62.5% of patients with acromegaly, cure was achieved after surgical resection. Somatostatin receptor ligands resulted in clinical remission in cases where medical treatment was initiated. There was no new tumour recurrence or regrowth over an overall mean follow-up period of 62.5 months.
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Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Endo-ERN European Reference Network on Rare endocrine conditions
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Endo-ERN European Reference Network on Rare endocrine conditions
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Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Objective
Hypothalamic dysfunction is a rare condition and can be encountered in patients who have been diagnosed or treated for a suprasellar brain tumor. Due to its rarity, the signs and symptoms of hypothalamic dysfunction may be difficult to recognize, leading to delayed diagnosis of the suprasellar brain tumor or to difficulties in finding the health-care expertise for hypothalamic dysfunction after tumor treatment. To improve the care and outcome of patients with acquired hypothalamic dysfunction, professionals are required to understand the patient’s needs.
Design
A worldwide online survey was distributed from April 2022 to October 2022 to patients with childhood-onset hypothalamic dysfunction (as reported by the patient) following a brain tumor.
Methods
Patients were notified about the survey through patient advocacy groups, the SIOPe craniopharyngioma working group and the Endo-ERN platform.
Results
In total, 353 patients with hypothalamic dysfunction following craniopharyngioma (82.2%), low-grade glioma (3.1%) or a pituitary tumor (8.2%) or caregivers responded to the survey. Sixty-two percent had panhypopituitarism. Obesity (50.7%) and fatigue (48.2%) were considered the most important health problems. Unmet needs were reported for help with diet, exercise and psychosocial issues. Patients’ suggestions for future research include new treatments for hypothalamic obesity and alternative ways for hormone administration.
Conclusions
According to the patient’s perspective, care for acquired hypothalamic dysfunction can be improved if delivered by experts with a holistic view of the patient in a multidisciplinary setting with a focus on quality of life. Future care and research on hypothalamic dysfunction must integrate the patients’ unmet needs.
Significance statement
Patients with hypothalamic dysfunction may experience a variety of symptoms, which are not always adequately recognized or addressed. In previous papers, the perspective of caregivers of children with craniopharyngioma has been reported (Klages et al. 2022, Craven et al. 2022). Now we address the patients’ perspective on acquired hypothalamic dysfunction using an Endo-ERN global survey. According to the patients’ perspective, care can be improved, with needs for improvement in the domains of obesity, fatigue and lifestyle. Research may focus on ways to improve hypothalamic obesity and alternative ways for hormone administration. Ideally, care should be delivered by doctors who have a holistic view of the patient in a multidisciplinary expert team. The results of this study can be used to formulate best practices for clinical care and to design future research proposals.