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Yueyuan Yang Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Tingting Yu Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Zhili Niu Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of translational medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Ling Gao Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Objective

Uridine might be a common link between pathological pathways in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to investigate the predictive value of plasma uridine for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and T2D with atherosclerosis.

Methods

Individuals with T2D and healthy controls (n = 218) were randomly enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Patients with T2D were divided into two groups based on carotid ultrasound: patients with carotid atherosclerosis (CA) (group DCA) and patients without CA (group D). Plasma uridine was determined using HPLC-MS/MS. Correlation and logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the results.

Results

Fasting and postprandial uridine were significantly increased in patients with T2D compared with healthy individuals. Logistic regression suggested that fasting and postprandial uridine were independent risk factors for T2D. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that fasting uridine had a predictive value on T2D (95% CI, 0.686–0.863, sensitivity 74.3%, specificity 71.8%). Fasting uridine was positively correlated with LDL-c, FBG, and PBG and negatively correlated with fasting C-peptide (CP-0h) and HOMA-IS. The change in postprandial uridine from fasting baseline (Δuridine) was smaller in T2D patients with CA compared with those without (0.80 (0.04–2.46) vs 2.01 (0.49–3.15), P = 0.010). Δuridine was also associated with T2D with CA and negatively correlated with BMI, CP-0h, and HOMA-IR.

Conclusion

Fasting uridine has potential as a predictor of diabetes. Δuridine is closely associated with carotid atherosclerosis in patients with T2D.

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Arno Téblick Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Ilse Vanhorebeek Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Inge Derese Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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An Jacobs Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Renata Haghedooren Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Sofie Maebe Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Gerdien A Zeilmaker-Roest Department of Neonatal & Pediatric Intensive Care, Division of Pediatric Intensive Care, Erasmus MC – Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Enno D Wildschut Department of Neonatal & Pediatric Intensive Care, Division of Pediatric Intensive Care, Erasmus MC – Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Lies Langouche Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Greet Van den Berghe Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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In critically ill adults, high plasma cortisol in the face of low ACTH coincides with high pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) levels. Glucocorticoids further lower ACTH without affecting POMC. We hypothesized that in pediatric cardiac surgery-induced critical illness, plasma POMC is elevated, plasma ACTH transiently rises intraoperatively but becomes suppressed post-operatively, and glucocorticoid administration amplifies this phenotype. From 53 patients (0–36 months), plasma was obtained pre-operatively, intraoperatively, and on post-operative days 1 and 2. Plasma was also collected from 24 healthy children. In patients, POMC was supra-normal pre-operatively (P < 0.0001) but no longer thereafter (P > 0.05). ACTH was never high in patients. While in glucocorticoid-naive patients ACTH became suppressed by post-operative day 1 (P < 0.0001), glucocorticoid-treated patients had already suppressed ACTH intraoperatively (P ≤ 0.0001). Pre-operatively high POMC, not accompanied by increased plasma ACTH, suggests a centrally activated HPA axis with reduced pituitary processing of POMC into ACTH. Increasing systemic glucocorticoid availability with glucocorticoid treatment accelerated the suppression of plasma ACTH.

Significance statement

Glucocorticoids are often administered during pediatric cardiac surgery. In critically ill children, endogenous systemic glucocorticoid availability is elevated already upon ICU admission while ACTH levels are normal. This hormonal constellation suggests the presence of active feedback inhibition of ACTH. In this study, we have documented that intraoperative administration of glucocorticoids accelerates the suppression of ACTH, resulting in low plasma ACTH already upon ICU admission. Pre-operative plasma POMC, the ACTH precursor, but not ACTH, was increased. This is compatible with a centrally activated HPA axis prior to surgery in young children but reduced processing of POMC into ACTH within the pituitary. These findings suggest that glucocorticoid treatment in the context of pediatric cardiac surgery may amplify pre-existing impaired pituitary processing of the prohormone POMC.

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Bushra Shahida Department of Clinical Sciences, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

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Tereza Planck Department of Clinical Sciences, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

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Tania Singh Department of Clinical Sciences, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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Peter Åsman Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Ophthalmology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

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Mikael Lantz Department of Clinical Sciences, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

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Graves’ disease (GD) and Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) are complex autoimmune diseases. This study delved into the impact of cigarette smoke extract (CSE), simvastatin, and/or diclofenac on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Specifically, we explored alterations in IL-1B, IL-6, PTGS2 expression, B- and T-lymphocyte proliferation, and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) production. We also assessed IGF1’s influence on B- and T-lymphocyte proliferation. PBMCs from Graves’ patients were exposed to CSE with/without simvastatin and/or diclofenac. Gene and protein expression was compared with untreated PBMCs. B- and T-lymphocyte proliferation was assessed following IGF1 treatment. PBMCs exposed to CSE exhibited increased expression of IL-1B (6-fold), IL-6 (10-fold), and PTGS2 (5.6-fold), and protein levels of IL-1B (4-fold), IL-6 (16-fold) and PGE2 (3.7-fold) compared with untreated PBMCs. Simvastatin and/or diclofenac downregulated the expression of PTGS2 (0.5-fold), IL-6 (0.4-fold), and IL-1B (0.6-fold), and the protein levels of IL-1B (0.6-fold), IL-6 (0.6-fold), and PGE2 (0.6-fold) compared with untreated PBMCs. CSE exposure in PBMCs increased the proliferation of B and T lymphocytes by 1.3-fold and 1.4-fold, respectively, compared with untreated. CSE exposure increased IgG (1.5-fold) in supernatant from PBMCs isolated from Graves’ patients. IGF1 treatment increased the proliferation of B and T lymphocytes by 1.6-fold. Simvastatin downregulated the proliferation of B and T lymphocytes by 0.7-fold. Our study shows that CSE significantly upregulated the expression and release of the inflammatory markers PTGS2, IL-6 and IL-1B,the IgG levels, and the proliferation of B and T lymphocytes. Additionally, IGF1 increased the proliferation of B and T lymphocytes. Finally, these effects were decreased by diclofenac and/or simvastatin treatment.

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Ayana Suzuki Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Cytology, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Cytology, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Izumi Otsuka Secretary Section, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Akihiro Miya Department of Surgery, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Akira Miyauchi Department of Surgery, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Takashi Akamizu Department of Internal Medicine, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) with marked cystic formation (CPTC) is not a subtype of PTC, and its clinical characteristics have not been fully investigated. This study aimed to clarify the clinical and pathological characteristics of CPTC and propose important indicators for its clinical management. Thirty-three CPTC nodules with cystic areas occupying >50% of their volume were examined. Two matched controls (MCs) were prepared, one with tumor diameter matched for whole tumor diameter (WTD) of CPTCs and the other with tumor diameter matched for solid area diameter (SAD) of CPTCs. The mean age of patients with CPTC was 55.2 years significantly older than that in SAD-MCs. Of the CPTCs, 69.7% were classified as highly suspicious by ultrasonography, and the prevalence was lower than that in WTD-MCs (88.9%) and SAD-MCs (91.5%). Total thyroidectomy was performed in 69.7% of CPTC cases, which was significantly less frequent than that in WDT-MCs (91.7%) and similar to that in SAD-MCs (76.1%). Histologically, CPTCs exhibited two characteristic findings: invasion from the solid area into the surrounding normal thyroid tissue and granulation tissue around the cystic wall. The frequencies of the cases with pathological lateral node metastasis, extrathyroidal extension, and Ki-67 labeling index ≥5% in CPTCs were significantly lower than those in WTD-MCs and relatively similar to those in SAD-MCs. In the surgical strategy and prognosis of CPTC, the evaluation of tumor size should be based on SAD rather than on WTD. We advocate measuring not only WTD but also SAD in CPTC.

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M Cherenko Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands

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N M Appelman-Dijkstra Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands

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A L Priego Zurita Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands

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N R Biermasz Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands

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O M Dekkers Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands

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F A Klok Department of Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands

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N Reisch Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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A Aulinas Department of Endocrinology, Fundacio de Gestio Sanitaria Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IR-SantPau and CIBERER Unit 747 (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain

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B Biagetti Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain

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S Cannavo Endocrine Unit, University Hospital AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Messina, Italy

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L Canu University Hospital Florence Careggi, Florence, Italy

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M Detomas Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany

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F Devuyst Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium

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H Falhammar Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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R A Feelders Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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F Ferrau Endocrine Unit, University Hospital AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Messina, Italy

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F Gatto IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Genoa, Italy

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C Grasselli Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, AUSL-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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P van Houten Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands

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C Hoybye Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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A M Isidori Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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A Kyrilli Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium

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P Loli Division of Endocrinology, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital Milan, Italy

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D Maiter Department of Endocrinology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc – UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium

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E Nowak Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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R Pivonello Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, Naples, Italy

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O Ragnarsson Sahlgrenska Academy, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicine (O.R.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden

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R V Steenaard Department of Internal Medicine, Máxima MC, Veldhoven, Netherlands

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N Unger University Hospital Essen, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Essen, Germany

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A van de Ven Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands

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S M Webb Department of Endocrinology, Fundacio de Gestio Sanitaria Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IR-SantPau and CIBERER Unit 747 (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain

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D Yeste Pediatric Endocrinology Service, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. CIBER Enfermedades Raras, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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S F Ahmed Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
University of Glasgow, Office for Rare Conditions, Glasgow, UK
University of Glasgow, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK

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A M Pereira Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands

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Background

Patients with Cushing syndrome (CS) are at increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE).

Objective

The aim was to evaluate the current management of new cases of CS with a focus on VTE and thromboprophylaxis.

Design and methods

A survey was conducted within those that report in the electronic reporting tool (e-REC) of the European Registries for Rare Endocrine Conditions (EuRRECa) and the involved main thematic groups (MTG’s) of the European Reference Networks for Rare Endocrine Disorders (Endo-ERN) on new patients with CS from January 2021 to July 2022.

Results

Of 222 patients (mean age 44 years, 165 females), 141 patients had Cushing disease (64%), 69 adrenal CS (31%), and 12 patients with ectopic CS (5.4%). The mean follow-up period post-CS diagnosis was 15 months (range 3–30). Cortisol-lowering medications were initiated in 38% of patients. One hundred fifty-four patients (69%) received thromboprophylaxis (including patients on chronic anticoagulant treatment), of which low-molecular-weight heparins were used in 96% of cases. VTE was reported in six patients (2.7%), of which one was fatal: two long before CS diagnosis, two between diagnosis and surgery, and two postoperatively. Three patients were using thromboprophylaxis at time of the VTE diagnosis. The incidence rate of VTE in patients after Cushing syndrome diagnosis in our study cohort was 14.6 (95% CI 5.5; 38.6) per 1000 person-years.

Conclusion

Thirty percent of patients with CS did not receive preoperative thromboprophylaxis during their active disease stage, and half of the VTE cases even occurred during this stage despite thromboprophylaxis. Prospective trials to establish the optimal thromboprophylaxis strategy in CS patients are highly needed.

Significance statement

The incidence rate of venous thromboembolism in our study cohort was 14.6 (95% CI 5.5; 38.6) per 1000 person-years. Notably, this survey showed that there is great heterogeneity regarding time of initiation and duration of thromboprophylaxis in expert centers throughout Europe.

Open access
Sherwin Criseno Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK

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Helena Gleeson Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Andrew A Toogood Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Neil Gittoes Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Anne Topping School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK

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Niki Karavitaki Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Objective

We conducted a survey of UK endocrine clinicians between June 2022 and August 2022 to understand current practices regarding GH treatment discontinuation in adults with growth hormone deficiency.

Design and methods

Using Survey Monkey®, a web-based multiple-choice questionnaire was disseminated to the UK Society for Endocrinology membership. It consisted of 15 questions on demographics, number of patients receiving GH and current practice on GH treatment discontinuation.

Results

In total, 102 endocrine clinicians completed the survey. Of these, 65 respondents (33 endocrinologists and 32 specialist nurses) indicated active involvement in managing patients with growth hormone deficiency. In total, 27.7% of clinicians were routinely offering a trial of GH discontinuation to adults receiving long-term GH therapy. Only 6% had a clinical guideline to direct such practice. In total, 29.2% stated that GH discontinuation should be routinely offered as an option to patients on long-term treatment, whilst 60% were not clearly in favour or against this approach but stated that it should probably be considered, and 9.2% were against. During the GH withdrawal period, most clinicians monitor signs and symptoms (75.4%), measure IGF-1 (84.6%), and complete a quality-of-life assessment (89.2%).

Conclusion

The practice of offering a trial of GH discontinuation in growth hormone deficiency adults on long-term GH therapy is highly variable, reflecting the lack of high-quality evidence. Around a quarter of clinicians offer GH withdrawal for a number of reasons, but only a few have a local clinical guidance. A further 60% of clinicians stated they would probably consider such an approach. Methodologically sound studies underpinning the development of safe and cost-effective guidance are needed.

Significance statement

In this UK survey of endocrine clinicians managing adults with growth hormone deficiency on long-term GH therapy, we explored for the first-time current practice and views on offering GH treatment discontinuation. In total, 27.7% of clinicians were routinely offering this option for a variety of reasons. Only 6% have local clinical guideline available to direct their practice on this. The majority of clinicians (60%), were not clearly in favour or against this approach but indicated it should probably be considered. In the absence of robust evidence on consequences of GH withdrawal, clinicians proposed monitoring of various clinical, biochemical and quality-of-life parameters during the period of discontinuation. Methodologically sound studies that will underpin the development of a safe, cost-effective guidance are needed.

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Xiaonan Guo Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Wenjing Hu Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Xiaorui Lyu Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Hanyuan Xu Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Huijuan Zhu Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Hui Pan Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Linjie Wang Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Hongbo Yang Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Fengying Gong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Objective

Patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) with inadequate growth hormone levels are often correlated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the potential mechanism of how GHD influences liver function remains obscure. In the present study, we aim to perform hepatic metabolomics in Lewis dwarf rats, which were the standard congenital isolated GH-deficient rat, to evaluate the characterizations of hepatic metabolic profiles and explore their relations with liver functions.

Methods

Lewis dwarf homozygous (dw/dw) rats at 37 weeks (five females and five males), and Lewis dwarf heterozygous (dw/+) rats at 37 weeks (five females and five males) were analyzed in our study. Body lengths and weights, liver weights, serum alanine transaminase (ALT), and serum aspartate transaminase (AST) were measured. ELISA and RT-qPCR were used to assess IGF-1 levels in serum and liver, respectively. The non-targeted metabolomics was performed in the livers of dw/+ and dw/dw rats. Differential metabolites were selected according to the coefficient of variation (CV), variable importance in the projection (VIP) > 1, and P < 0.05. Hierarchical clustering of differential metabolites was conducted, and the KEGG database was used for metabolic pathway analysis.

Results

The body weights, body lengths, liver weights, and IGF-1 levels in the serum and liver of dw/dw rats were significantly decreased compared with dw/+ rats. Dw/dw rats exhibited more obvious hepatic steatosis accompanied by higher serum ALT and AST levels. Hepatic metabolomics showed that a total of 88 differential metabolites in positive ion mode, and 51 metabolites in negative ion mode were identified. Among them, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) 16:2, LPC 18:3, LPC 22:6, fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA)18:1 were significantly decreased, while palmitoyl acid, dehydrocholic acid, and 7-ketolithocholic acid were significantly increased in dw/dw rats compared with dw/+ rats. These seven differential metabolites were significantly associated with phenotypes of rats. Finally, KEGG pathway analysis showed that the arginine and proline metabolism pathway and bile secretion pathway were mainly clustered.

Conclusion

Lewis dw/dw rats with congenital isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD) showed liver steatosis and abnormal liver function, which could be potentially associated with the distinctive hepatic metabolic profiles.

Open access
Svjatoslavs Kistkins Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Othmar Moser Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Institute of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany

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Vitālijs Ankudovičs Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Dmitrijs Blizņuks Institute of Smart Computing Technologies, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia

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Timurs Mihailovs Institute of Smart Computing Technologies, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia

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Sergejs Lobanovs Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Harald Sourij Trials Unit for Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetolgoy, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Andreas F H Pfeiffer Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Hindenburgdamm, Berlin, Germany

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Valdis Pīrāgs Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia

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The increasing prevalence of ‘diabesity’, a combination of type 2 diabetes and obesity, poses a significant global health challenge. Unhealthy lifestyle factors, including poor diet, sedentary behaviour, and high stress levels, combined with genetic and epigenetic factors, contribute to the diabesity epidemic. Diabesity leads to various significant complications such as cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and certain cancers. Incretin-based therapies, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and dual hormone therapies, have shown promising results in improving glycaemic control and inducing weight loss. However, these therapies also come with certain disadvantages, including potential withdrawal effects. This review aims to provide insights into the cross-interactions of insulin, glucagon, and GLP-1, revealing the complex hormonal dynamics during fasting and postprandial states, impacting glucose homeostasis, energy expenditure, and other metabolic functions. Understanding these hormonal interactions may offer novel hypotheses in the development of ‘anti-diabesity’ treatment strategies. The article also explores the question of the antagonism of insulin and glucagon, providing insights into the potential synergy and hormonal overlaps between these hormones.

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Maria Houborg Petersen Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Jacob Volmer Stidsen Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Martin Eisemann de Almeida Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Emil Kleis Wentorf Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Kurt Jensen Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Niels Ørtenblad Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Kurt Højlund Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Aim

We investigated whether a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocol could restore beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes compared with sedentary obese and lean individuals.

Materials and methods

In patients with type 2 diabetes, and age-matched, glucose-tolerant obese and lean controls, we examined the effect of 8 weeks of supervised HIIT combining rowing and cycling on the acute (first-phase) and second-phase insulin responses, beta-cell function adjusted for insulin sensitivity (disposition index), and serum free fatty acid (FFA) levels using the Botnia clamp (1-h IVGTT followed by 3-h hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp).

Results

At baseline, patients with type 2 diabetes had reduced insulin sensitivity (~40%), acute insulin secretion (~13-fold), and disposition index (>35-fold), whereas insulin-suppressed serum FFA was higher (⁓2.5-fold) compared with controls (all P < 0.05). The HIIT protocol increased insulin sensitivity in all groups (all P < 0.01). In patients with type 2 diabetes, this was accompanied by a large (>200%) but variable improvement in the disposition index (P < 0.05). Whereas insulin sensitivity improved to the degree seen in controls at baseline, the disposition index remained markedly lower in patients with type 2 diabetes after HIIT (all P < 0.001). In controls, HIIT increased the disposition index by ~20–30% (all P < 0.05). In all groups, the second-phase insulin responses and insulin-suppressed FFA levels were reduced in response to HIIT (all P < 0.05). No group differences were seen in these HIIT-induced responses.

Conclusion

HIIT combining rowing and cycling induced a large but variable increase in beta-cell function adjusted for insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes, but the disposition index remained severely impaired compared to controls, suggesting that this defect is less reversible in response to exercise training than insulin resistance.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03500016).

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Huiyuan Zhai Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Dongxu Wang Department of Geriatrics, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Yong Wang Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Hongwei Gu Central Laboratory, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Juan Jv Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Liangliang Yuan Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Chao Wang Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Leiyao Chen Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Chronic inflammation induced by obesity plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. The infiltration of macrophages into adipose tissues contributes to adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. Kaempferol, a flavonoid present in various vegetables and fruits, has been shown to possess remarkable anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we used leptin receptor-deficient obese mice (db/db) as an insulin-resistant model and investigated the effects of kaempferol treatment on obesity-induced insulin resistance. Our findings revealed that the administration of kaempferol (50 mg/kg/day, for 6 weeks) significantly reduced body weight, fat mass, and adipocyte size. Moreover, it effectively ameliorated abnormal glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in db/db mice. In the adipose tissue of obese mice treated with kaempferol, we observed a reduction in macrophage infiltration and a downregulation of mRNA expression of M1 marker genes TNF-α and IL-1β, accompanied by an upregulation of Arg1 and IL-10 mRNA expression. Additionally, kaempferol treatment significantly inhibited the STING/NLRP3 signaling pathway in adipose tissue. In vitro experiments, we further discovered that kaempferol treatment suppressed LPS-induced inflammation through the activation of NLRP3/caspase 1 signaling in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Our results suggest that kaempferol may effectively alleviate inflammation and insulin resistance in the adipose tissue of db/db mice by modulating the STING/NLRP3 signaling pathway.

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