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Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) significantly affects pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, it is crucial to develop prediction models since they can guide timely interventions to reduce the incidence of GDM and its associated adverse effects.
Methods: A total of 554 pregnant women were selected and their sociodemographic characteristics, clinical data and dietary data were collected. Dietary data was investigated by a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). We applied random forest mean decrease impurity for feature selection and the models are built using Logistic Regression, XGBoost, and LightGBM algorithms. The prediction performance of different models was compared by Accuracy, Sensitivity, Specificity, Area Under Curve (AUC) and Hosmer-Lemeshow test.
Results: Blood glucose, age, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) were the top five features according to the feature selection. Among the three algorithms, XGBoost performed best with an AUC of 0.788, LightGBM came second (AUC = 0.749), and Logistic Regression performed the worst (AUC = 0.712). In addition, XGBoost and LightGBM both achieved a fairly good performance when dietary information was included, surpassing their performance on the non-dietary dataset (0.788 vs. 0.718 in XGBoost; 0.749 vs. 0.726 in LightGBM).
Conclusion: XGBoost and LightGBM algorithms outperform Logistic Regression in predicting GDM among the Chinese pregnant women. In addition, dietary data may have a positive effect on improving model performance, which deserves more in-depth investigation with larger sample size.
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Lundlaan, EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Lundlaan, EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Lundlaan, EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Lundlaan, EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Department of Radiology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Lundlaan, EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Objective
Children with a supratentorial midline low-grade glioma (LGG) may be at risk for impaired bone health due to hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, obesity, exposure to multiple treatment modalities, and/or decreased mobility. The presence of impaired bone health and/or its severity in this population has been understudied. We aimed to identify the prevalence and risk factors for bone problems in children with supratentorial midline LGG.
Materials and methods
A retrospective study was performed in children with supratentorial midline (suprasellar or thalamic) LGG between 1 January 2003 and 1 January 2022, visiting the Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology. Impaired bone health was defined as the presence of vertebral fractures and/or very low bone mineral density (BMD).
Results
In total, 161 children were included, with a median age at tumor diagnosis of 4.7 years (range: 0.1–17.9) and a median follow-up of 6.1 years (range: 0.1–19.9). Five patients (3.1%) had vertebral fractures. In 99 patients, BMD was assessed either by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (n = 12) or Bone Health Index (n = 95); 34 patients (34.3%) had a low BMD (≤ −2.0). Impaired visual capacity was associated with bone problems in multivariable analysis (OR: 6.63, 95% CI: 1.83–24.00, P = 0.004).
Conclusion
In this retrospective evaluation, decreased BMD was prevalent in 34.3% of children with supratentorial midline LGG. For the risk of developing bone problems, visual capacity seems highly relevant. Surveillance of bone health must be an aspect of awareness in the care and follow-up of children with a supratentorial midline LGG.
Significance statement
Patients with supratentorial midline LGG may encounter various risk factors for impaired bone health. Bone problems in survivors of childhood supratentorial midline LGG are, however, understudied. This is the first paper to address the prevalence of bone problems in this specific patient population, revealing visual problems as an important risk factor. Diencephalic syndrome historyand/or weight problems associated with hypothalamic dysfunction were related to bone problems in univariate analyses. The results of this study can be used in the development of guidelines to adequately screen and treat these patients to subsequently minimizing bone problems as one of the endocrine complications.
Search for other papers by Danzhou Fang in
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Objective
Hyperthyroidism, a prevalent endocrine disorder, can lead to complications such as liver failure due to the liver's essential role in thyroid hormone metabolism. The study aimed to elucidate the respective contributions of 131I and/or ALSS in managing hyperthyroidism alongside liver failure.
Methods
A retrospective analysis was carried out on 74 patients diagnosed with severe liver failure in the context of Graves' disease. Patients were categorized into three groups: group A (n = 34) received 131I treatment, group B (n = 17) underwent 131I and ALSS treatment, and group C (n = 24) received artificial liver support system (ALSS) treatment alone.
Results
Throughout the treatment period, the liver function indexes in all groups exhibited a declining trend. The thyroid function of group A and group B treated with 131I was significantly improved compared to that before treatment. There was no significant change in thyroid function in group C. After the correction of hyperthyroidism, significant improvements were observed in the liver function of individuals in groups A and B, particularly with more noticeable amelioration compared to group C. After two months of treatment, the efficacy rates for the three groups were 79.41%, 82.35%, and 60.87% respectively. Mortality rates of the three groups were 5.88%, 17.65%, and 36% (P < 0.01). Group B, receiving both 131I and ALSS treatments, exhibited a lower mortality rate than group C.
Conclusion
In cases of severe liver failure accompanied by hyperthyroidism, prompt administration of 131I is recommended to alleviate the adverse effects of hyperthyroidism on liver function and facilitate a conducive environment for the recovery of liver functionality.
Office for Rare Conditions, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Office for Rare Conditions, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Background
There is a paucity of information on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes in parents and children with conditions affecting sex development. The objective of this study was to develop short forms of HRQoL questionnaires which consist of a 63-item and 25-item parent self-report (PSR) and parent proxy-report (PPR), respectively, optimizing use in routine clinical settings.
Methods
Short questionnaires were developed following exploratory factor analysis using raw data from 132 parents. Long and short PSRs were completed by 24 parents of children with conditions affecting sex development, with a median age of 3.6 years (range 0.1, 6.6); 21 (88%) were boys, and 11 (46%) had proximal hypospadias. A subset of 19 parents completed both long and short PPRs.
Results
Item selection, based on factor loadings of >0.8 and expert consultation, produced short PSRs and PPRs containing 16 and 7 items, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in 11 out of 12 (92%) scales on the PSR and 4 out of 5 (80%) scales on the PPR when comparing short and long questionnaire scores. The short and long questionnaires took <1 min and 5 min to complete, respectively. Eighteen parents (75%) reported that the time taken to complete the short questionnaires was acceptable; 10 (42%) preferred short questionnaires. Ten (42%) versus 6 (25%) stated a preference for completing the short versus long questionnaires.
Conclusion
The short versions were largely representative of the long questionnaires and are acceptable for evaluating psychosocial distress in young children and their caregivers. Further psychometric validation of the short forms is warranted.
Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, ARETAIEION University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, ARETAIEION University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, ARETAIEION University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, ARETAIEION University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Introduction
To investigate whether synthetic (s) glucocorticoids (GCs) administered between the 24th and the 34th gestational weeks in pre-term labor might precipitate labor, studies on sGCs administration were reviewed. The physiology of endogenous glucocorticoid-related increase in fetal–maternal circulation and its association with labor, followed by a scoping review of studies on exogenous sGCs administered for fetal lung maturation and the timing of labor, were included.
Materials and methods
The methodology of systematic reviews was followed. MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases were searched until October 2023, for original studies investigating the administration of sGCs in pregnancies risking pre-term labor. Duplicates were removed, and 1867 abstracts were excluded as irrelevant. Six controlled and four non-controlled studies were included. The index group consisted of 6001 subjects and 7691 controls in the former, while in the latter, the index group consisted of 2069 subjects.
Results
In three out of the six controlled studies, gestational age at labor was significantly lower in sGC-treated women than in controls, while in three studies, gestational age at labor was lower in sGC-treated women than in controls, with a trend toward statistical significance. In one study, gestational age at labor was significantly lower in controls than in sGC-treated women. In the non-controlled studies, the majority of women delivered less than 1 week from the day of sGC administration.
Conclusions
In this scoping review, studies lack homogeneity. However, in the controlled studies, a pattern of earlier labor emerges among sGC-treated pregnant women. The use of multiple courses of antenatal sGCs appears to be associated with precipitated labor. Their use should be carefully weighed. Carefully designed trials should examine this ongoing scientific query.
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Prenatal stress can lead to the programming of the neuroendocrine system in male offspring, disrupting the hypothalamic testicular axis and adversely affecting the reproductive health of male offspring. This study aimed to determine the long-term effects of prenatal stress on the KISS1 system in male offspring and the effects on reproductive function in male offspring. Sixteen pregnant females were divided into a prenatal control group (PC, n = 8) and a prenatal stress group (PS, n = 8). The PS group was modeled with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) from day 1 of gestation to full-term delivery. Differences between the two groups in various maternal parameters, including glucocorticoid secretion, litter size, and the effects of male offspring birth weight, the KISS1 system, and reproductive function, were determined. Male offspring of PS dams had lower birth weights compared to prenatal controls.KISS1 gene expression is reduced at birth and in adult PS offspring, and its receptor KISS1-R protein is similarly reduced in PS offspring at birth and adulthood. In adulthood, PS male offspring show significantly reduced sex hormone production, altered testicular morphology, reduced maturation of their supporting cells, and decreased expression of connexin 43 (CX43), leading to an altered sperm microenvironment and reduced sperm quality. In conclusion, prenatal stress leads to adverse changes in the KISS1 system in male offspring and decreased reproductive function.
Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Context
Cytochrome C oxidase (COX) is the fourth component of the respiratory chain and is located within the internal membrane of mitochondria. COX deficiency causes an inherited mitochondrial disease with significant genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Four clinical subtypes have been identified, each with distinct phenotypes and genetic variants. Mitochondrial complex IV deficiency nuclear type 4 (MC4DN4) is a form of COX deficiency associated with pathogenic variants in the SCO1 gene.
Case description
We describe three patients with MC4DN4 with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE), hypopituitarism, and SCO1 pathogenic variants. These patients’ phenotypes considerably differ from previously reported MC4DN4 phenotypes as they associate DEE with progressive hypopituitarism and survival beyond the first months after birth. Pituitary deficiency in these patients progressively worsened and mainly involved growth hormone secretion and thyroid function.
Conclusions
Our findings expand knowledge of phenotypic variability in MC4DN4 and suggest that SCO1 is a candidate gene for genetic hypopituitarism and DEE.
Significance statement
Our paper describes three patients affected by MC4DN4 with hypopituitarism and developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE), two features that have never been associated with this condition. In addition, we reviewed the clinical features of all previous cases of MC4DN4 to give the other clinicians a wide picture of the clinical phenotype of this genetic disease. We hope that the publication of our data may help others to identify this disease and consider the chance to analyze the SCO1 gene in cases of DEE associated with pituitary dysfunction. Our article contributes to expanding the spectrum of genetic hypopituitarism and proposes a model to explain an association between this condition, mitochondrial anomalies, and neurodevelopmental defects.
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Because the causes of combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) are complex, the etiology of congenital CPHD remains unknown in most cases. The aim of the study was to identify the genetic etiology of CPHD in a well-defined single-center cohort. In total, 34 children (12 girls) with congenital CPHD (growth hormone (GH) deficiency and impaired secretion of at least one other pituitary hormone) treated with GH in our center were enrolled in the study. Their median age was 11.2 years, pre-treatment height was −3.2 s.d., and maximal stimulated GH was 1.4 ug/L. Of them, 30 had central adrenal insufficiency, 27 had central hypothyroidism, ten had hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and three had central diabetes insipidus. Twenty-six children had a midline defect on MRI. Children with clinical suspicion of a specific genetic disorder underwent genetic examination of the gene(s) of interest via Sanger sequencing or array comparative genomic hybridization. Children without a detected causal variant after the first-tier testing or with no suspicion of a specific genetic disorder were subsequently examined using next-generation sequencing growth panel. Variants were evaluated by the American College of Medical Genetics standards. Genetic etiology was confirmed in 7/34 (21%) children. Chromosomal aberrations were found in one child (14q microdeletion involving the OTX2 gene). The remaining 6 children had causative genetic variants in the GLI2, PROP1, POU1F1, TBX3, PMM2, and GNAO1 genes, respectively. We elucidated the cause of CPHD in a fifth of the patients. Moreover, our study supports the PMM2 gene as a candidate gene for CPHD and suggests pathogenic variants in the GNAO1 gene as a potential novel genetic cause of CPHD.
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Primary hyperparathyroidism has emerged as a prevalent endocrine disorder in clinical settings, necessitating in most cases, surgical intervention for the removal of the diseased gland. This condition is characterised by overactivity of the parathyroid glands, resulting in excessive parathyroid hormone production and subsequent disturbances in calcium homeostasis. The primary mode of management is surgical treatment, relying on the accurate localisation of the pathological parathyroid gland. Precise identification is paramount to ensuring that the surgical intervention effectively targets and removes the diseased gland, alleviating the hyperfunctioning state. However, localising the gland becomes challenging, as discrepancies between the clinical manifestation of active parathyroid and radiological identification are common. Based on our current knowledge, to date, no comprehensive review has been conducted that considers all factors collectively. This comprehensive review delves into the factors contributing to false-negative 99mTc-Sestamibi scans. Our research involved an exhaustive search in the PubMed database for hyperparathyroidism, with the identified literature meticulously filtered and reviewed by the authors. The results highlighted various factors, including multiple parathyroid diseases, nodular goitre, mild disease, or the presence of an ectopic gland that causes discordance. Hence, a thorough consideration of these factors is crucial during the diagnostic workup of hyperparathyroidism. Employing intraoperative PTH assays can significantly contribute to a successful cure of the disease, thereby providing a more comprehensive approach to managing this prevalent endocrine disorder.
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Objectives: To investigate the utility and effectiveness of a school outreach programme in areas of lower socioeconomic status to improve understanding of common endocrine topics and the medical profession.
Methods: Two secondary school outreach sessions were conducted in July 2022. Students were invited to attend lectures delivered by medical professionals and engage in poster-making sessions using the knowledge they had gained throughout the day. Participants completed anonymised pre- and post-session surveys. Outcomes were identified using Kirkpatrick’s training evaluation model. Self-reported perceptions and beliefs (Kirkpatrick’s Level 2a) were compared using chi-square tests. Thematic analysis of team-led poster presentations was performed.
Results: Of the 254 participants included, the response rates of pre- and post-session questionnaires were 75.6% and 56.2%, respectively. The outreach day increased students’ understanding of Obesity and Diabetes, PCOS, and Health Technology. The most well-received activities from the outreach day were voted to be the poster challenge (43.4%) and poster presentation (14.7%). Following the session, there was a trend towards an increased understanding of medical careers and interest in pursuing a medical career, although these did not reach statistical significance.
Conclusions: Outreach programmes could be a practical and effective approach to engaging prospective medical applicants from areas of lower socioeconomic status. Further studies are required to expand outreach programmes to investigate the efficacy of school engagement programmes.
