Browse
You are looking at 31 - 40 of 1,463 items for
Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Search for other papers by Hsiao-Yun Yeh in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Division of Musculoskeletal Section, Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Search for other papers by Hung-Ta Hondar Wu in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
Search for other papers by Hsiao-Chin Shen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
Search for other papers by Tzu-Hao Li in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Search for other papers by Ying-Ying Yang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Search for other papers by Kuei-Chuan Lee in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Search for other papers by Yi-Hsuan Lin in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
Search for other papers by Chia-Chang Huang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Search for other papers by Ming-Chih Hou in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Objective
Previous studies have suggested that body mass index (BMI) should be considered when assessing the relationship between fatty liver (FL) and osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to investigate future fracture events in people with FL, focusing on the effect of BMI in both sexes.
Methods
This retrospective cohort study, spanning from 2011 to 2019, enrolled 941 people, including 441 women and 500 men, aged 50 years or older who underwent liver imaging (ultrasound, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance image) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (for bone mineral density measurements). The study examined predictors of osteoporosis in both sexes and the effect of different ranges of BMI (18.5–24, 24–27, and ≥27 kg/m2) on the risk of future fracture events in FL patients.
Results
The average follow-up period was 5.3 years for women and 4.2 years for men. Multivariate analysis identified age and BMI as independent risk factors of osteoporosis in both sexes. Each unit increase in BMI decreased the risk of osteoporosis by ≥10%. In both women and men with FL, a BMI of 24–27 kg/m2 offered protection against future fractures, compared to those without FL and with a BMI of 18.5–24 kg/m2.
Conclusion
The protective effect of a higher BMI against future fractures in middle-aged and elderly female and male patients with FL is not uniform and diminishes beyond certain BMI ranges.
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Search for other papers by M Guftar Shaikh in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Search for other papers by Timothy G Barrett in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Nicola Bridges in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Robin Chung in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
Search for other papers by Evelien F Gevers in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
Search for other papers by Anthony P Goldstone in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Anthony Holland in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Shankar Kanumakala in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ruth Krone in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Makarios Children's Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
Search for other papers by Andreas Kyriakou in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Sussex Community NHS Trust, Brighton, UK
Search for other papers by E Anne Livesey in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Search for other papers by Angela K Lucas-Herald in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Christina Meade in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Susan Passmore in
Google Scholar
PubMed
The University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
Search for other papers by Edna Roche in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Chris Smith in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Sarita Soni in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare orphan disease and complex genetic neurodevelopmental disorder, with a birth incidence of approximately 1 in 10,000–30,000. Management of people with PWS requires a multi-disciplinary approach, ideally through a multi-disciplinary team (MDT) clinic with community support. Hypotonia, poor feeding and faltering growth are characteristic features in the neonatal period, followed by hyperphagia and risk of rapid weight gain later in childhood. Children and adolescents (CA) with PWS usually display developmental delay and mild learning disability and can develop endocrinopathies, scoliosis, respiratory difficulties (both central and obstructive sleep apnoea), challenging behaviours, skin picking, and mental health issues, especially into adulthood. This consensus statement is intended to be a reference document for clinicians managing children and adolescents (up to 18 years of age) with PWS. It considers the bio-psycho-social domains of diagnosis, clinical assessment, and management in the paediatric setting as well as during and after transition to adult services. The guidance has been developed from information gathered from peer-reviewed scientific reports and from the expertise of a range of experienced clinicians in the United Kingdom and Ireland involved in the care of patients with PWS.
Search for other papers by Camila Aparecida Moma in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Icléia Siqueira Barreto in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ligia Vera Montali Assumpção in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Denise Engelbrecht Zantut-Wittmann in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Background
Papillary thyroid carcinoma has become increasingly prevalent over the years. Avoiding unnecessary treatments and the risk of complications is essential, as well as understanding the mechanisms of tumor progression and the conditions that indicate a worse prognosis. Assessment of the tumor microenvironment can allow us understand how the immune system organizes itself to contain neoplastic progression.
Methods
We compared characteristics related to the lymphocytic subpopulations in the thyroid tumor microenvironment and lymph nodes in two groups, with and without lymph node metastatic involvement.
Results
Of the 400 cases followed up at a thyroid cancer reference service, 32 were selected, of which, 13 cases did not present lymph node metastasis (N0 group) and 19 had lymph node involvement (N1 group). Clinical data were collected, and immunohistochemical reactions were performed for markers CD4, CD8, FoxP3, CD25, and CD20 in lymph nodes and peritumoral infiltrate. We found that the N1 group had larger tumor sizes, higher risk staging, higher frequency of extrathyroidal extension, shorter disease-free times, and higher expression of CD4+ T lymphocytes in lymph nodes; however, there was no difference in the expression of other markers or in the pattern of lymphocyte distribution in the lymph node.
Conclusion
In cervical lymph nodes, the higher frequency of CD4+ T lymphocytes is related to the presence of metastasis. However, there were no differences in lymphocytic subpopulations in the thyroid tumor microenvironment. The absence of changes in unaffected lymph nodes could not predict any tumor behavior.
Search for other papers by Gayana Amiyangoda in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by C N Antonypillai in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by S S C Gunatilake in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by T T Weerathunge in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by D Ediriweera in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by S G P D Kosgallana in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by R D P Jayawardana in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by H A N D Thissera in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Wj Emalka in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by H U Daraniyagala in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Refractory hypothyroidism is associated with high morbidity and increased healthcare expenditure. In general, the use of the levothyroxine absorption test looks promising in evaluating refractory hypothyroidism but has shown significant variability in protocols in multiple settings. We intended to assess the usefulness of the levothyroxine absorption test in a low-resource setting and to assess the factors associated with refractory hypothyroidism. A cross-sectional study among age-matched 25 cases of refractory hypothyroidism and 24 treatment-responsive hypothyroid controls was conducted. A supervised levothyroxine absorption test was performed with levothyroxine 1000 μg tablets after a10 hours fast and serum-free tetraiodothyronine (FT4) levels were measured at 0,1,2,3,4,5 hours. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, student T-test, and logistic regression were used in the analysis. Results showed no significant difference in age, body weight, etiology of hypothyroidism, interfering medications, thyroxine storage, and ingestion technique in cases and controls. Cases had a longer duration of hypothyroidism and males had a higher peak FT4 concentration. During pooled analysis, serum FT4 peaked at 3 hours with an increment of 149.4% (128.4 - 170.5%) from baseline and plateaued thereafter. The absolute value of FT4 at 3 hours was 41.59 (SD 14.14) pmol/L (3.23 ng/dl). We concluded that there was no significant difference in the pattern of levothyroxine absorption in both groups. The commonest cause of refractory disease was pseudo malabsorption. Rapid supervised levothyroxine absorption test with two blood samples for FT4 at baseline and at the peak of absorption (3 hours) is simple, convenient, and cost-effective, particularly in low-resource settings.
Search for other papers by Peter Bond in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Tijs Verdegaal in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Diederik L Smit in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Erythrocytosis, or elevated hematocrit, is a common side effect of testosterone therapy (TTh) in male hypogonadism. Testosterone stimulates erythropoiesis through an initial rise in erythropoietin (EPO), establishment of a new EPO/hemoglobin ‘set point’, and a parallel decrease in the master iron regulator protein hepcidin, as well as several other potential mechanisms. Evidence shows an increased thrombotic risk associated with TTh–induced erythrocytosis. Several guidelines for the treatment of male hypogonadism by endocrine organizations recommend against starting TTh in patients presenting with elevated hematocrit at baseline or to stop TTh when its levels cannot be controlled by dose-adjustments. Importantly, therapeutic phlebotomy or venesection is mentioned as a means of reducing hematocrit in these patients. However, evidence supporting the efficacy or safety of therapeutic phlebotomy in lowering hematocrit in TTh–induced erythrocytosis is lacking. In light of this dearth of evidence, the recommendation to lower hematocrit using therapeutic phlebotomy is notable, as phlebotomy lowers tissue oxygen partial pressure (pO2) and, eventually, depletes iron stores, thereby triggering various biological pathways which might also increase thrombotic risk. The potential pros and cons should therefore be carefully weighed against each other and shared decision making is recommended for initiating therapeutic phlebotomy as a treatment in patients on TTh who present with increased hematocrit.
Search for other papers by Qing Zhou in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Li Yong Zhang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Mei Feng Dai in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Zhen Li in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Chao Chun Zou in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Hui Liu in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Graphical abstract
Abstract
Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is closely related to insulin resistance, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level is an independent factor for insulin resistance associated with subclinical hypothyroidism. This study aims to explore the effects of TSH levels on insulin signal transduction in adipocytes and to establish the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in this process. In this study, the SCH mouse model was established, and 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with TSH or tunicamycin (TM), with or without 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), an inhibitor of ER stress. Subclinical hypothyroidism mice exhibited impaired glucose tolerance, inactivation of the IRS-1/AKT pathway, and activation of the IRE1/JNK pathway in adipose tissue, which can all be alleviated by 4-PBA. Supplementation with levothyroxine restored the TSH to normal, alongside alleviated ER stress and insulin resistance in SCH mice, which is characterized by improved glucose tolerance, decreased mRNA expression of IRE1, and decreased phosphorylation of JNK in adipose tissue. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, TSH induces insulin resistance, leading to a decrease in glucose uptake. This effect is mediated by the downregulation of IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation, reduced AKT phosphorylation, and inhibited GLUT4 protein expression. Notably, all these effects can be effectively reversed by 4-PBA. Moreover, TSH induced TNF-α and IL-6 production and upregulated the expression of ER stress markers. Similarly, these changes can be recovered by 4-PBA. These findings indicate that TSH has the capability to induce insulin resistance in adipocytes. The mechanism through which TSH disrupts insulin signal transduction appears to involve the ER stress–JNK pathway.
Search for other papers by Shams Ali Baig in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Search for other papers by Kashish Malhotra in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Anagh Josh Banerjee in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Mukunth Kowsik in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Khushi Kumar in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Fazna Rahman in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Syeda Sabbah Batul in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Mohammed Faraaz Saiyed in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Vardhan Venkatesh in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Pranav Viswanath Iyer in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Search for other papers by Punith Kempegowda in
Google Scholar
PubMed
YouTube® is one of the leading platforms for health information. However, the lack of regulation of content and quality raises concerns about accuracy and reliability. CoMICs (Concise Medical Information Cines) are evidence-based short videos created by medical students and junior doctors and reviewed by experts to ensure clinical accuracy. We performed a systematic review to understand the impact of videos on knowledge and awareness about diabetes and PCOS. We then evaluated the quality of YouTube® videos about diabetes and PCOS using various validated quality assessment tools and compared these with CoMICs videos on the same topics. Quality assessment tools like DISCERN, JAMA benchmark criteria, and global quality scale (GQS) score were employed. Some of the authors of this study also co-authored the creation of some of the CoMICs evaluated. Our study revealed that while videos effectively improve understanding of diabetes and PCOS, there are notable differences in quality and reliability of the videos on YouTube®. For diabetes, CoMICs videos had higher DISCERN scores (CoMICs vs YouTube®: 2.4 vs 1.6), superior reliability (P < 0.01), and treatment quality (P < 0.01) and met JAMA criteria for authorship (100% vs 30.6%) and currency (100% vs 53.1%). For PCOS, CoMICs had higher DISCERN scores (2.9 vs 1.9), reliability (P < 0.01), and treatment quality (P < 0.01); met JAMA criteria for authorship (100% vs 34.0%) and currency (100% vs 54.0%); and had higher GQS scores (4.0 vs 3.0). In conclusion, CoMICs outperformed other similar sources on YouTube® in providing reliable evidence-based medical information which may be used for patient education.
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Search for other papers by Carlijn A Hoekx in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Nursing Physiotherapy and Medicine, SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
Biomedical Research Unit, Torrecárdenas University Hospital, Almería, Spain
CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
Search for other papers by Borja Martinez-Tellez in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Search for other papers by Maaike E Straat in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Search for other papers by Magdalena M A Verkleij in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Search for other papers by Mirjam Kemmeren in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Search for other papers by Sander Kooijman in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet Campus Flemingsberg, Neo Building, Huddinge, Sweden
Search for other papers by Martin Uhrbom in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Saskia C A de Jager in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Search for other papers by Patrick C N Rensen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Search for other papers by Mariëtte R Boon in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Objectives
Cold exposure is linked to cardiometabolic benefits. Cold activates brown adipose tissue (BAT), increases energy expenditure, and induces secretion of the hormones fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). The cold-induced increase in energy expenditure exhibits a diurnal rhythm in men. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of cold exposure on serum FGF21 and GDF15 levels in humans and whether cold-induced changes in FGF21 and GDF15 levels differ between morning and evening in males and females.
Method
In this randomized cross-over study, serum FGF21 and GDF15 levels were measured in healthy lean males (n = 12) and females (n = 12) before, during, and after 90 min of stable cold exposure in the morning (07:45 h) and evening (19:45 h) with a 1-day washout period in between.
Results
Cold exposure increased FGF21 levels in the evening compared to the morning both in males (+61% vs −13%; P < 0.001) and in females (+58% vs +8%; P < 0.001). In contrast, cold exposure did not significantly modify serum GDF15 levels, and no diurnal variation was found. Changes in FGF21 and GDF15 levels did not correlate with changes in cold-induced energy expenditure in the morning and evening.
Conclusion
Cold exposure increased serum FGF21 levels in the evening, but not in the morning, in both males and females. GDF15 levels were not affected by cold exposure. Thus, this study suggests that the timing of cold exposure may influence cold-induced changes in FGF21 levels but not GDF15 levels and seems to be independent of changes in energy expenditure.
Search for other papers by Irfan Vardarli in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Susanne Tan in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Rainer Görges in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Bernhard K Krämer in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ken Herrmann in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Christoph Brochhausen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Objective
The management of thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology (ITN) is still a challenge. To evaluate the performance of commercial molecular tests for ITN, we performed this comprehensive meta-analysis.
Methods
We performed an electronic search using PubMed/Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Studies assessing the diagnostic accuracy of Afirma gene expression classifier (GEC), Afirma gene sequencing classifier (GSC), ThyroSeq v2 (TSv2), or ThyroSeq v3 (TSv3) in patients with ITN (only Bethesda category III or IV) were selected; Statistical analyses were performed by using Stata.
Results
Seventy-one samples (GEC, n = 38; GSC, n = 16; TSv2, n = 9; TSv3, n = 8) in 53 studies, involving 6490 fine needle aspirations (FNAs) with ITN cytology with molecular diagnostics (GEC, GSC, TSv2, or TSv3), were included in the study. The meta-analysis showed the following pooled estimates: sensitivity 0.95 (95% CI: 0.94–0.97), specificity 0.35 (0.28–0.43), positive likelihood ratio (LR+) 1.5 (1.3–1.6), and negative likelihood ratio (LR−) 0.13 (0.09–0.19), with the best performance for TSv3 (area under the ROC curve 0.95 (0.93–0.96), followed by TSv2 (0.90 (0.87–0.92)), GSC (0.86 (0.82–0.88)), and GEC (0.82 (0.78–0.85)); the best rule-out property was observed for GSC (LR−, 0.07 (0.02–0.19)), followed by TSv3 (0.11 (0.05–0.24)) and GEC (0.16 (0.10–0.28), and the best rule-in was observed for TSv2 (LR+, 2,9 (1.4–4.6)), followed by GSC (1.9 (1.6–2.4)). A meta-regression analysis revealed that study design, Bethesda category, and type of molecular test were independent factors.
Conclusion
We showed that in patients with ITN, TSv3 has the best molecular diagnostic performance, followed by TSv2, GSC, and GEC. As regards rule-out malignancy, GSC, and rule-in, TSV2 is superior to other tests.
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Search for other papers by Shikai Gui in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Search for other papers by Wanli Yu in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Search for other papers by Jiabao Xie in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Search for other papers by Lunshan Peng in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Search for other papers by Yuanyuan Xiong in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Urology, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Search for other papers by Zhen Song in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Haitao Luo in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Juexian Xiao in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Shengtao Yuan in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Search for other papers by Zujue Cheng in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Invasive pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are the most prevalent types of intracranial and neuroendocrine tumors. Their aggressive growth and difficulty in complete resection result in a high recurrence rate. Cystine transporter solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) is overexpressed in various cancers, which contributes to tumor growth, progression, and metastasis by promoting cystine uptake and glutathione biosynthesis. We identified SLC7A11 as an invasive biomarker based on three Gene Expression Omnibus cohorts. This study aimed to investigate the role of SLC7A11 in invasive PitNETs. Cell proliferation was assessed using CCK-8 and colony formation assays, while cell apoptosis was estimated with flow cytometry. Wound healing assays and transwell assays were utilized to evaluate migration and invasion ability. Our findings demonstrated that SLC7A11 was markedly upregulated in invasive PitNETs, and was associated with the invasiveness of PitNETs. Knockdown of SLC7A11 could largely suppress tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while inducing apoptosis. Furthermore, SLC7A11 depletion was implicated in regulating epithelial–mesenchymal transition and inactivating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. These insights suggest SLC7A11 as a potential therapeutic target for invasive PitNETs.
